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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode — Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers" href="pickletools.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries" href="compileall.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/dis.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="pickletools.html" title="32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="compileall.html" title="32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="language.html" accesskey="U">32. Python Language Services</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-dis"> <span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1>32.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><span class="xref std std-term">bytecode</span></a> by disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></code> and used by the compiler and the interpreter.</p> <div class="impl-detail compound"> <p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter! No guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p> </div> <p>Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>the following command can be used to get the disassembly of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go"> 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)</span> <span class="go"> 3 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)</span> <span class="go"> 6 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span> <span class="go"> 9 RETURN_VALUE</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(The “2” is a line number).</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module defines the following functions and constants:</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.dis"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>bytesource</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Disassemble the <em>bytesource</em> object. <em>bytesource</em> can denote either a module, a class, a method, a function, or a code object. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods. For a single code sequence, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. If no object is provided, it disassembles the last traceback.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.distb"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">distb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>tb</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Disassembles the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is indicated.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.disassemble"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disassemble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Disassembles a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was provided. The output is divided in the following columns:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li> <li>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--></span></code>,</li> <li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>></span></code>,</li> <li>the address of the instruction,</li> <li>the operation code name,</li> <li>operation parameters, and</li> <li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li> </ol> <p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names, constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.disco"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disco</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lasti</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A synonym for <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.disassemble" title="dis.disassemble"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">disassemble()</span></code></a>. It is more convenient to type, and kept for compatibility with earlier Python releases.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.findlinestarts"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlinestarts</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code> attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></code> pairs.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="dis.findlabels"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlabels</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.opname"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.opmap"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opmap</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.cmp_op"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">cmp_op</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hasconst"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasconst</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hasfree"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasfree</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hasname"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hasjrel"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjrel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hasjabs"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjabs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.haslocal"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">haslocal</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="dis.hascompare"> <code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hascompare</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions"> <span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STOP_CODE"> <code class="descname">STOP_CODE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STOP_CODE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-NOP"> <code class="descname">NOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-POP_TOP"> <code class="descname">POP_TOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO"> <code class="descname">ROT_TWO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE"> <code class="descname">ROT_THREE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position three.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-ROT_FOUR"> <code class="descname">ROT_FOUR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_FOUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Lifts second, third and forth stack item one position up, moves top down to position four.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP"> <code class="descname">DUP_TOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Unary Operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the result back on the stack.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE"> <code class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE"> <code class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT"> <code class="descname">UNARY_NOT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNARY_CONVERT"> <code class="descname">UNARY_CONVERT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_CONVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">`TOS`</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT"> <code class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-GET_ITER"> <code class="descname">GET_ITER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the result back on the stack.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER"> <code class="descname">BINARY_POWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY"> <code class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">BINARY_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is not in effect.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is in effect.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO"> <code class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD"> <code class="descname">BINARY_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT"> <code class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR"> <code class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT"> <code class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT"> <code class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND"> <code class="descname">BINARY_AND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR"> <code class="descname">BINARY_XOR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR"> <code class="descname">BINARY_OR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be) the original TOS1.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is not in effect.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">division</span></code> is in effect.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_AND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR"> <code class="descname">INPLACE_OR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The slice opcodes take up to three parameters.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SLICE+0"> <code class="descname">SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SLICE+1"> <code class="descname">SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SLICE+2"> <code class="descname">SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SLICE+3"> <code class="descname">SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Slice assignment needs even an additional parameter. As any statement, they put nothing on the stack.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+0"> <code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS[:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+1"> <code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+2"> <code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_SLICE+3"> <code class="descname">STORE_SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS3</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0"> <code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+0</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS[:]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1"> <code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+1</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS:]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2"> <code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+2</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[:TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3"> <code class="descname">DELETE_SLICE+3</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE+3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR"> <code class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR"> <code class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Miscellaneous opcodes.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR"> <code class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM"> <code class="descname">PRINT_ITEM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prints TOS to the file-like object bound to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>. There is one such instruction for each item in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code></a> statement.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO"> <code class="descname">PRINT_ITEM_TO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRINT_ITEM</span></code>, but prints the item second from TOS to the file-like object at TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE"> <code class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prints a new line on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>. This is generated as the last operation of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code></a> statement, unless the statement ends with a comma.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO"> <code class="descname">PRINT_NEWLINE_TO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRINT_NEWLINE</span></code>, but prints the new line on the file-like object on the TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP"> <code class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a> statement.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP"> <code class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> statement. <em>target</em> is the address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></code></a> instruction).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND"> <code class="descname">LIST_APPEND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement list comprehensions. While the appended value is popped off, the list object remains on the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_LOCALS"> <code class="descname">LOAD_LOCALS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_LOCALS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the locals of the current scope on the stack. This is used in the code for a class definition: After the class body is evaluated, the locals are passed to the class definition.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE"> <code class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE"> <code class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR"> <code class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'_'</span></code> directly from the module TOS to the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-EXEC_STMT"> <code class="descname">EXEC_STMT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXEC_STMT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec</span> <span class="pre">TOS2,TOS1,TOS</span></code>. The compiler fills missing optional parameters with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK"> <code class="descname">POP_BLOCK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY"> <code class="descname">END_FINALLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues with the outer-next block.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_CLASS"> <code class="descname">BUILD_CLASS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Creates a new class object. TOS is the methods dictionary, TOS1 the tuple of the names of the base classes, and TOS2 the class name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH"> <code class="descname">SETUP_WITH</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First, it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></code></a>. Then, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em> is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>), or store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></code></a>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"> <code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement block exits. On top of the stack are 1–3 values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></li> <li>(TOP, SECOND) = (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></code>), retval</li> <li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></code>; no retval below it</li> <li>(TOP, SECOND, THIRD) = exc_info()</li> </ul> <p>Under them is EXIT, the context manager’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> bound method.</p> <p>In the last case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXIT(TOP,</span> <span class="pre">SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD)</span></code> is called, otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXIT(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></code>.</p> <p>EXIT is removed from the stack, leaving the values above it in the same order. In addition, if the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function call returns a ‘true’ value, this information is “zapped”, to prevent <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></code> from re-raising the exception. (But non-local gotos should still be resumed.)</p> </dd></dl> <p>All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two bytes, with the more significant byte last.</p> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME"> <code class="descname">STORE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></code> if possible.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME"> <code class="descname">DELETE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code> attribute of the code object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"> <code class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack right-to-left.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DUP_TOPX"> <code class="descname">DUP_TOPX</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOPX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Duplicate <em>count</em> items, keeping them in the same order. Due to implementation limits, <em>count</em> should be between 1 and 5 inclusive.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR"> <code class="descname">STORE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR"> <code class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></code>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"> <code class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code>, but stores the name as a global.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL"> <code class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></code>, but deletes a global name.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST"> <code class="descname">LOAD_CONST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>consti</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> onto the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME"> <code class="descname">LOAD_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"> <code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the resulting tuple onto the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST"> <code class="descname">BUILD_LIST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code>, but creates a list.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET"> <code class="descname">BUILD_SET</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code>, but creates a set.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.7.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP"> <code class="descname">BUILD_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. The dictionary is pre-sized to hold <em>count</em> entries.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR"> <code class="descname">LOAD_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Replaces TOS with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getattr(TOS,</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei])</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-COMPARE_OP"> <code class="descname">COMPARE_OP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>opname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME"> <code class="descname">IMPORT_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#__import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>. The module object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code> instruction modifies the namespace.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM"> <code class="descname">IMPORT_FROM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> from the module found in TOS. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code> instruction.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD"> <code class="descname">JUMP_FORWARD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE"> <code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE"> <code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP"> <code class="descname">JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP"> <code class="descname">JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE"> <code class="descname">JUMP_ABSOLUTE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-FOR_ITER"> <code class="descname">FOR_ITER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a>. Call its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code> method. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is popped, and the bytecode counter is incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL"> <code class="descname">LOAD_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP"> <code class="descname">SETUP_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the current instruction with a size of <em>delta</em> bytes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT"> <code class="descname">SETUP_EXCEPT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points to the first except block.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY"> <code class="descname">SETUP_FINALLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points to the finally block.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_MAP"> <code class="descname">STORE_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Store a key and value pair in a dictionary. Pops the key and value while leaving the dictionary on the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_FAST"> <code class="descname">LOAD_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_FAST"> <code class="descname">STORE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Stores TOS into the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-DELETE_FAST"> <code class="descname">DELETE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE"> <code class="descname">LOAD_CLOSURE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage. The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_cellvars[i]</span></code> if <em>i</em> is less than the length of <em>co_cellvars</em>. Otherwise it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_freevars[i</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">len(co_cellvars)]</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF"> <code class="descname">LOAD_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-STORE_DEREF"> <code class="descname">STORE_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-SET_LINENO"> <code class="descname">SET_LINENO</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>lineno</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_LINENO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This opcode is obsolete.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS"> <code class="descname">RAISE_VARARGS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Raises an exception. <em>argc</em> indicates the number of arguments to the raise statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2, the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"> <code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls a callable object. The low byte of <em>argc</em> indicates the number of positional arguments, the high byte the number of keyword arguments. The stack contains keyword arguments on top (if any), then the positional arguments below that (if any), then the callable object to call below that. Each keyword argument is represented with two values on the stack: the argument’s name, and its value, with the argument’s value above the name on the stack. The positional arguments are pushed in the order that they are passed in to the callable object, with the right-most positional argument on top. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION"> <code class="descname">MAKE_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack. TOS is the code associated with the function. The function object is defined to have <em>argc</em> default parameters, which are found below TOS.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE"> <code class="descname">MAKE_CLOSURE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Creates a new function object, sets its <em>func_closure</em> slot, and pushes it on the stack. TOS is the code associated with the function, TOS1 the tuple containing cells for the closure’s free variables. The function also has <em>argc</em> default parameters, which are found below the cells.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE"> <code class="descname">BUILD_SLICE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-0">Pushes a slice object on the stack. <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3. If it is 2, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice(TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is pushed; if it is 3, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice(TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice()</span></code></a> built-in function for more information.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG"> <code class="descname">EXTENDED_ARG</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>ext</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two bytes. <em>ext</em> holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the subsequent opcode’s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, <em>ext</em> being the two most-significant bytes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"> <code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. <em>argc</em> represents the number of keyword and positional arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The top of the stack contains an iterable object containing additional positional arguments. Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any) and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. Before the callable object is called, the iterable object is “unpacked” and its contents are appended to the positional arguments passed in. The iterable object is ignored when computing the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argc</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"> <code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. <em>argc</em> represents the number of keyword and positional arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The top of the stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments. Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any) and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. Before the callable is called, the mapping object at the top of the stack is “unpacked” and its contents are appended to the keyword arguments passed in. The mapping object at the top of the stack is ignored when computing the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argc</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW"> <code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</span></code></a>. <em>argc</em> represents the number of keyword and positional arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. The top of the stack contains a mapping object, as per <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</span></code></a>. Below that is an iterable object, as per <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</span></code></a>. Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any) and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a>. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and positional arguments respectively, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</span></code></a>. The mapping object and iterable object are both ignored when computing the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argc</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="opcode"> <dt id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT"> <code class="descname">HAVE_ARGUMENT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes which don’t take arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> and those which do <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">32.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">32.12.1. 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