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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations — Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams" href="fileinput.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="10. File and Directory Access" href="filesys.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.path.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="fileinput.html" title="10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="filesys.html" title="10. File and Directory Access" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="filesys.html" accesskey="U">10. File and Directory Access</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="module-os.path"> <span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1>10.1. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> — Common pathname manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p id="index-0">This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write files see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, and for accessing the filesystem see the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> module.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">On Windows, many of these functions do not properly support UNC pathnames. <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.splitunc" title="os.path.splitunc"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitunc()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.ismount" title="os.path.ismount"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismount()</span></code></a> do handle them correctly.</p> </div> <p>Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any <em>automatic</em> path expansions. Functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also the <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module.)</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p>Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there are several versions of this module in the standard library. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module is always the path module suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is <em>always</em> in one of the different formats. They all have the same interface:</p> <ul class="last simple"> <li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> for UNIX-style paths</li> <li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> for Windows paths</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="macpath.html#module-macpath" title="macpath: Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code></a> for old-style MacOS paths</li> <li><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os2emxpath</span></code> for OS/2 EMX paths</li> </ul> </div> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.abspath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">abspath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname <em>path</em>. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> as follows: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.basename"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">basename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the base name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>. Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> program; where <strong class="program">basename</strong> for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> function returns an empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.commonprefix"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">commonprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>list</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in <em>list</em>. If <em>list</em> is empty, return the empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>). Note that this may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.dirname"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">dirname</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the directory name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.exists"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if permission is not granted to execute <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> on the requested file, even if the <em>path</em> physically exists.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.lexists"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">lexists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> on platforms lacking <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.expanduser"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">expanduser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> replaced by that <em>user</em>’s home directory.</p> <p id="index-1">On Unix, an initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> is replaced by the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a>. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is looked up directly in the password directory.</p> <p>On Windows, <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code> will be used if set, otherwise a combination of <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> will be used. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created user path derived above.</p> <p>If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.expandvars"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">expandvars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> are replaced by the value of environment variable <em>name</em>. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.</p> <p>On Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code> expansions are supported in addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getatime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getatime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the time of last access of <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.error</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3: </span>If <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_float_times" title="os.stat_float_times"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat_float_times()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the result is a floating point number.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getmtime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getmtime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the time of last modification of <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.error</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3: </span>If <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat_float_times" title="os.stat_float_times"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat_float_times()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the result is a floating point number.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getctime"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getctime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for <em>path</em>. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.error</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.getsize"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">getsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the size, in bytes, of <em>path</em>. Raise <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.error</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isabs"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isabs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isfile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an existing regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> can be true for the same path.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.isdir"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">isdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an existing directory. This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> can be true for the same path.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.islink"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">islink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to a directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.ismount"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">ismount</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. The function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code>, is on a different device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">path/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.join"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em>, <em>*paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of <em>path</em> and any members of <em>*paths</em> with exactly one directory separator (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.sep</span></code>) following each non-empty part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute path component.</p> <p>On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>) is encountered. If a component contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join("c:",</span> <span class="pre">"foo")</span></code> represents a path relative to the current directory on drive <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>), not <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.normcase"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">normcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward slashes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.normpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">normpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level references so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> all become <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.realpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">realpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system).</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.relpath"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">relpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>start</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a relative filepath to <em>path</em> either from the current directory or from an optional <em>start</em> directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of <em>path</em> or <em>start</em>.</p> <p><em>start</em> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Availability: Windows, Unix.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.samefile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">samefile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path1</em>, <em>path2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory (as indicated by device number and i-node number). Raise an exception if an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> call on either pathname fails.</p> <p>Availability: Unix.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.sameopenfile"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">sameopenfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fp1</em>, <em>fp2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file descriptors <em>fp1</em> and <em>fp2</em> refer to the same file.</p> <p>Availability: Unix.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.samestat"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">samestat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>stat1</em>, <em>stat2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stat tuples <em>stat1</em> and <em>stat2</em> refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>. This function implements the underlying comparison used by <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Availability: Unix.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.split"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">split</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>tail</em> is the last pathname component and <em>head</em> is everything leading up to that. The <em>tail</em> part will never contain a slash; if <em>path</em> ends in a slash, <em>tail</em> will be empty. If there is no slash in <em>path</em>, <em>head</em> will be empty. If <em>path</em> is empty, both <em>head</em> and <em>tail</em> are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from <em>head</em> unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> returns a path to the same location as <em>path</em> (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitdrive"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitdrive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>drive</em> is either a drive specification or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, <em>drive</em> will always be the empty string. In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will be the same as <em>path</em>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 1.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitext"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitext</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code> such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">path</span></code>, and <em>ext</em> is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitext('.cshrc')</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('.cshrc',</span> <span class="pre">'')</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Earlier versions could produce an empty root when the only period was the first character.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.splitunc"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">splitunc</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitunc" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(unc,</span> <span class="pre">rest)</span></code> so that <em>unc</em> is the UNC mount point (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\\host\mount'</span></code>), if present, and <em>rest</em> the rest of the path (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\path\file.ext'</span></code>). For paths containing drive letters, <em>unc</em> will always be the empty string.</p> <p>Availability: Windows.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="os.path.walk"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">walk</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>path</em>, <em>visit</em>, <em>arg</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.walk" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Calls the function <em>visit</em> with arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(arg,</span> <span class="pre">dirname,</span> <span class="pre">names)</span></code> for each directory in the directory tree rooted at <em>path</em> (including <em>path</em> itself, if it is a directory). The argument <em>dirname</em> specifies the visited directory, the argument <em>names</em> lists the files in the directory (gotten from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.listdir(dirname)</span></code>). The <em>visit</em> function may modify <em>names</em> to influence the set of directories visited below <em>dirname</em>, e.g. to avoid visiting certain parts of the tree. (The object referred to by <em>names</em> must be modified in place, using <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code></a> or slice assignment.)</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories, and that <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.walk" title="os.path.walk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk()</span></code></a> therefore will not visit them. To visit linked directories you must identify them with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.islink(file)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.isdir(file)</span></code>, and invoke <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.walk" title="os.path.walk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk()</span></code></a> as necessary.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This function is deprecated and has been removed in Python 3 in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.walk" title="os.walk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.walk()</span></code></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames"> <code class="descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="descname">supports_unicode_filenames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system).</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="filesys.html" title="previous chapter">10. File and Directory Access</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="fileinput.html" title="next chapter">10.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/os.path.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="fileinput.html" title="10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="filesys.html" title="10. 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