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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="1. Extending Python with C or C++" href="extending.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="37. Undocumented Modules" href="../library/undoc.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/extending/index.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="extending.html" title="1. Extending Python with C or C++" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../library/undoc.html" title="37. Undocumented Modules" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter"> <span id="extending-index"></span><h1>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>This document describes how to write modules in C or C++ to extend the Python interpreter with new modules. Those modules can not only define new functions but also new object types and their methods. The document also describes how to embed the Python interpreter in another application, for use as an extension language. Finally, it shows how to compile and link extension modules so that they can be loaded dynamically (at run time) into the interpreter, if the underlying operating system supports this feature.</p> <p>This document assumes basic knowledge about Python. For an informal introduction to the language, see <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html#tutorial-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Tutorial</span></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> gives a more formal definition of the language. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a> documents the existing object types, functions and modules (both built-in and written in Python) that give the language its wide application range.</p> <p>For a detailed description of the whole Python/C API, see the separate <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a>.</p> <div class="section" id="recommended-third-party-tools"> <h2>Recommended third party tools<a class="headerlink" href="#recommended-third-party-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This guide only covers the basic tools for creating extensions provided as part of this version of CPython. Third party tools like <a class="reference external" href="http://cython.org/">Cython</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://cffi.readthedocs.io">cffi</a>, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.swig.org">SWIG</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://numba.pydata.org/">Numba</a> offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++ extensions for Python.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></dt> <dd>The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be desirable in the first place.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools"> <h2>Creating extensions without third party tools<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This section of the guide covers creating C and C++ extensions without assistance from third party tools. It is intended primarily for creators of those tools, rather than being a recommended way to create your own C extensions.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html">2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html">3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-presentation">3.2. Object Presentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#more-suggestions">3.7. More Suggestions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-distutils">4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#distributing-your-extension-modules">4.2. Distributing your extension modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application"> <h2>Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Sometimes, rather than creating an extension that runs inside the Python interpreter as the main application, it is desirable to instead embed the CPython runtime inside a larger application. This section covers some of the details involved in doing that successfully.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="../library/undoc.html" title="previous chapter">37. Undocumented Modules</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="extending.html" title="next chapter">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/extending/index.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="extending.html" title="1. Extending Python with C or C++" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../library/undoc.html" title="37. 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