D7net
Home
Console
Upload
information
Create File
Create Folder
About
Tools
:
/
usr
/
share
/
doc
/
python3-docs
/
html
/
whatsnew
/
Filename :
3.5.html
back
Copy
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>What’s New In Python 3.5 — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="What’s New In Python 3.4" href="3.4.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="What’s New In Python 3.6" href="3.6.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.5.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="3.4.html" title="What’s New In Python 3.4" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="3.6.html" title="What’s New In Python 3.6" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">What’s New in Python</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="what-s-new-in-python-3-5"> <h1>What’s New In Python 3.5<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-new-in-python-3-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Editors:</th><td class="field-body">Elvis Pranskevichus <<a class="reference external" href="mailto:elvis%40magic.io">elvis<span>@</span>magic<span>.</span>io</a>>, Yury Selivanov <<a class="reference external" href="mailto:yury%40magic.io">yury<span>@</span>magic<span>.</span>io</a>></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>This article explains the new features in Python 3.5, compared to 3.4. Python 3.5 was released on September 13, 2015. See the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.5/whatsnew/changelog.html">changelog</a> for a full list of changes.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <p class="last"><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0478"><strong>PEP 478</strong></a> - Python 3.5 Release Schedule</p> </div> <div class="section" id="summary-release-highlights"> <h2>Summary – Release highlights<a class="headerlink" href="#summary-release-highlights" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>New syntax features:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-492"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 492</span></a>, coroutines with async and await syntax.</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-465"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 465</span></a>, a new matrix multiplication operator: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">@</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>.</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-448"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 448</span></a>, additional unpacking generalizations.</li> </ul> <p>New library modules:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/typing.html#module-typing" title="typing: Support for type hints (see PEP 484)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code></a>: <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-484"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 484 – Type Hints</span></a>.</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/zipapp.html#module-zipapp" title="zipapp: Manage executable python zip archives"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code></a>: <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-zipapp"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 441 Improving Python ZIP Application Support</span></a>.</li> </ul> <p>New built-in features:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">args</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">args</span></code>: <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-461"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 461</span></a> – Adding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> formatting to bytes and bytearray.</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes.hex" title="bytes.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes.hex()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytearray.hex" title="bytearray.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray.hex()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#memoryview.hex" title="memoryview.hex"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview.hex()</span></code></a> methods. (Contributed by Arnon Yaari in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue9951">bpo-9951</a>.)</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#memoryview" title="memoryview"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryview</span></code></a> now supports tuple indexing (including multi-dimensional). (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23632">bpo-23632</a>.)</li> <li>Generators have a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gi_yieldfrom</span></code> attribute, which returns the object being iterated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span> <span class="pre">from</span></code> expressions. (Contributed by Benno Leslie and Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24450">bpo-24450</a>.)</li> <li>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#RecursionError" title="RecursionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RecursionError</span></code></a> exception is now raised when maximum recursion depth is reached. (Contributed by Georg Brandl in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19235">bpo-19235</a>.)</li> </ul> <p>CPython implementation improvements:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>When the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LC_TYPE</span></code> locale is the POSIX locale (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code> locale), <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stdin" title="sys.stdin"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code></a> now use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">surrogateescape</span></code> error handler, instead of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strict</span></code> error handler. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19977">bpo-19977</a>.)</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files are no longer used and have been replaced by a more flexible scheme that includes the optimization level explicitly in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> name. (See <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-488"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 488 overview</span></a>.)</li> <li>Builtin and extension modules are now initialized in a multi-phase process, which is similar to how Python modules are loaded. (See <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-489"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 489 overview</span></a>.)</li> </ul> <p>Significant improvements in the standard library:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.OrderedDict" title="collections.OrderedDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.OrderedDict</span></code></a> is now <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-ordereddict"><span class="std std-ref">implemented in C</span></a>, which makes it 4 to 100 times faster.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code></a> module gained <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-sslmemorybio"><span class="std std-ref">support for Memory BIO</span></a>, which decouples SSL protocol handling from network IO.</li> <li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a> function provides a <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-471"><span class="std std-ref">better and significantly faster way</span></a> of directory traversal.</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache" title="functools.lru_cache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.lru_cache()</span></code></a> has been mostly <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-lrucache"><span class="std std-ref">reimplemented in C</span></a>, yielding much better performance.</li> <li>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#subprocess.run" title="subprocess.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.run()</span></code></a> function provides a <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-subprocess"><span class="std std-ref">streamlined way to run subprocesses</span></a>.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#module-traceback" title="traceback: Print or retrieve a stack traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code></a> module has been significantly <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-traceback"><span class="std std-ref">enhanced</span></a> for improved performance and developer convenience.</li> </ul> <p>Security improvements:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>SSLv3 is now disabled throughout the standard library. It can still be enabled by instantiating a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> manually. (See <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22638">bpo-22638</a> for more details; this change was backported to CPython 3.4 and 2.7.)</li> <li>HTTP cookie parsing is now stricter, in order to protect against potential injection attacks. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22796">bpo-22796</a>.)</li> </ul> <p>Windows improvements:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>A new installer for Windows has replaced the old MSI. See <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#using-on-windows"><span class="std std-ref">Using Python on Windows</span></a> for more information.</li> <li>Windows builds now use Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0, and extension modules should use the same.</li> </ul> <p>Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes, including many other smaller improvements, CPython optimizations, deprecations, and potential porting issues.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="new-features"> <h2>New Features<a class="headerlink" href="#new-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-492"></span><h3>PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492"><strong>PEP 492</strong></a> greatly improves support for asynchronous programming in Python by adding <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable"><span class="xref std std-term">awaitable objects</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine-function"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine functions</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-asynchronous-iterable"><span class="xref std std-term">asynchronous iteration</span></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-asynchronous-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">asynchronous context managers</span></a>.</p> <p>Coroutine functions are declared using the new <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code></a> syntax:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">coro</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">'spam'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Inside a coroutine function, the new <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#await"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code></a> expression can be used to suspend coroutine execution until the result is available. Any object can be <em>awaited</em>, as long as it implements the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable"><span class="xref std std-term">awaitable</span></a> protocol by defining the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__await__" title="object.__await__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__await__()</span></code></a> method.</p> <p>PEP 492 also adds <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code></a> statement for convenient iteration over asynchronous iterables.</p> <p>An example of a rudimentary HTTP client written using the new syntax:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asyncio</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">http_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">domain</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">reader</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">writer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open_connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">domain</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">writer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="se">\r\n</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">([</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'GET / HTTP/1.1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Host: %b'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">domain</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'latin-1'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Connection: close'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">''</span> <span class="p">]))</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">reader</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'>>>'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">writer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">loop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_event_loop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_until_complete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">http_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'example.com'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Similarly to asynchronous iteration, there is a new syntax for asynchronous context managers. The following script:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">asyncio</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">coro</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'coro </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">: waiting for lock'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'coro </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">: holding the lock'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'coro </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">: releasing the lock'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">loop</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_event_loop</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Lock</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">coros</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">asyncio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gather</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coro</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">coro</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_until_complete</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coros</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>will output:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">waiting</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">holding</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">waiting</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">releasing</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">holding</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">lock</span> <span class="n">coro</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">releasing</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">lock</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note that both <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-for"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">for</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">with</span></code></a> can only be used inside a coroutine function declared with <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code></a>.</p> <p>Coroutine functions are intended to be run inside a compatible event loop, such as the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio-event-loop"><span class="std std-ref">asyncio loop</span></a>.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <div class="last versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5.2: </span>Starting with CPython 3.5.2, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aiter__</span></code> can directly return <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-asynchronous-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">asynchronous iterators</span></a>. Returning an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable"><span class="xref std std-term">awaitable</span></a> object will result in a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#PendingDeprecationWarning" title="PendingDeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PendingDeprecationWarning</span></code></a>.</p> <p>See more details in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#async-iterators"><span class="std std-ref">Asynchronous Iterators</span></a> documentation section.</p> </div> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492"><strong>PEP 492</strong></a> – Coroutines with async and await syntax</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Yury Selivanov.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-465"></span><h3>PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465"><strong>PEP 465</strong></a> adds the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@</span></code> infix operator for matrix multiplication. Currently, no builtin Python types implement the new operator, however, it can be implemented by defining <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__matmul__" title="object.__matmul__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__matmul__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__rmatmul__" title="object.__rmatmul__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__rmatmul__()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__imatmul__" title="object.__imatmul__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__imatmul__()</span></code></a> for regular, reflected, and in-place matrix multiplication. The semantics of these methods is similar to that of methods defining other infix arithmetic operators.</p> <p>Matrix multiplication is a notably common operation in many fields of mathematics, science, engineering, and the addition of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@</span></code> allows writing cleaner code:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">S</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">beta</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">inv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">V</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">H</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">beta</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>instead of:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">S</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">beta</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">H</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">T</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">H</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">beta</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>NumPy 1.10 has support for the new operator:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">numpy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ones</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="go">array([ 1., 1., 1.])</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">numpy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">eye</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="go">array([[ 1., 0., 0.],</span> <span class="go"> [ 0., 1., 0.],</span> <span class="go"> [ 0., 0., 1.]])</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">@</span> <span class="n">m</span> <span class="go">array([ 1., 1., 1.])</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465"><strong>PEP 465</strong></a> – A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</dt> <dd>PEP written by Nathaniel J. Smith; implemented by Benjamin Peterson.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-448"></span><h3>PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0448"><strong>PEP 448</strong></a> extends the allowed uses of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> iterable unpacking operator and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**</span></code> dictionary unpacking operator. It is now possible to use an arbitrary number of unpackings in <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#calls"><span class="std std-ref">function calls</span></a>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">1 2 3 4 5</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">...</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'b'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'d'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">})</span> <span class="go">1 2 3 4</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Similarly, tuple, list, set, and dictionary displays allow multiple unpackings (see <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#exprlists"><span class="std std-ref">Expression lists</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#dict"><span class="std std-ref">Dictionary displays</span></a>):</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">4</span> <span class="go">(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="go">[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">)}</span> <span class="go">{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'y'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="go">{'x': 1, 'y': 2}</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0448"><strong>PEP 448</strong></a> – Additional Unpacking Generalizations</dt> <dd>PEP written by Joshua Landau; implemented by Neil Girdhar, Thomas Wouters, and Joshua Landau.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-461"></span><h3>PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0461"><strong>PEP 461</strong></a> adds support for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes-formatting"><span class="std std-ref">interpolation operator</span></a> to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a>.</p> <p>While interpolation is usually thought of as a string operation, there are cases where interpolation on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearrays</span></code> makes sense, and the work needed to make up for this missing functionality detracts from the overall readability of the code. This issue is particularly important when dealing with wire format protocols, which are often a mixture of binary and ASCII compatible text.</p> <p>Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Hello %b!'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'World'</span> <span class="go">b'Hello World!'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'x=</span><span class="si">%i</span><span class="s1"> y=</span><span class="si">%f</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">b'x=1 y=2.500000'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Unicode is not allowed for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%b</span></code>, but it is accepted by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%a</span></code> (equivalent of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr(obj).encode('ascii',</span> <span class="pre">'backslashreplace')</span></code>):</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Hello %b!'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="s1">'World'</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span> <span class="gr">TypeError</span>: <span class="n">%b requires bytes, or an object that implements __bytes__, not 'str'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'price: %a'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="s1">'10€'</span> <span class="go">b"price: '10\\u20ac'"</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%r</span></code> conversion types, although supported, should only be used in codebases that need compatibility with Python 2.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0461"><strong>PEP 461</strong></a> – Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray</dt> <dd>PEP written by Ethan Furman; implemented by Neil Schemenauer and Ethan Furman.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-484-type-hints"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-484"></span><h3>PEP 484 - Type Hints<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-484-type-hints" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Function annotation syntax has been a Python feature since version 3.0 (<span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107"><strong>PEP 3107</strong></a>), however the semantics of annotations has been left undefined.</p> <p>Experience has shown that the majority of function annotation uses were to provide type hints to function parameters and return values. It became evident that it would be beneficial for Python users, if the standard library included the base definitions and tools for type annotations.</p> <p><span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484"><strong>PEP 484</strong></a> introduces a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-provisional-api"><span class="xref std std-term">provisional module</span></a> to provide these standard definitions and tools, along with some conventions for situations where annotations are not available.</p> <p>For example, here is a simple function whose argument and return type are declared in the annotations:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">greeting</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">'Hello '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">name</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>While these annotations are available at runtime through the usual <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> attribute, <em>no automatic type checking happens at runtime</em>. Instead, it is assumed that a separate off-line type checker (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="http://mypy-lang.org">mypy</a>) will be used for on-demand source code analysis.</p> <p>The type system supports unions, generic types, and a special type named <a class="reference internal" href="../library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="typing.Any"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Any</span></code></a> which is consistent with (i.e. assignable to and from) all types.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <ul class="last simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/typing.html#module-typing" title="typing: Support for type hints (see PEP 484)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code></a> module documentation</li> <li><dl class="first docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-11"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484"><strong>PEP 484</strong></a> – Type Hints</dt> <dd>PEP written by Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, and Łukasz Langa; implemented by Guido van Rossum.</dd> </dl> </li> <li><dl class="first docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-12"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483"><strong>PEP 483</strong></a> – The Theory of Type Hints</dt> <dd>PEP written by Guido van Rossum</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-471"></span><h3>PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-13"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471"><strong>PEP 471</strong></a> adds a new directory iteration function, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a>, to the standard library. Additionally, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.walk" title="os.walk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.walk()</span></code></a> is now implemented using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scandir</span></code>, which makes it 3 to 5 times faster on POSIX systems and 7 to 20 times faster on Windows systems. This is largely achieved by greatly reducing the number of calls to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> required to walk a directory tree.</p> <p>Additionally, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scandir</span></code> returns an iterator, as opposed to returning a list of file names, which improves memory efficiency when iterating over very large directories.</p> <p>The following example shows a simple use of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a> to display all the files (excluding directories) in the given <em>path</em> that don’t start with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'.'</span></code>. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.DirEntry.is_file" title="os.DirEntry.is_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">entry.is_file()</span></code></a> call will generally not make an additional system call:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scandir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">startswith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_file</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entry</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-14"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0471"><strong>PEP 471</strong></a> – os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Ben Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-475"></span><h3>PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>An <a class="reference internal" href="../library/errno.html#errno.EINTR" title="errno.EINTR"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno.EINTR</span></code></a> error code is returned whenever a system call, that is waiting for I/O, is interrupted by a signal. Previously, Python would raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#InterruptedError" title="InterruptedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InterruptedError</span></code></a> in such cases. This meant that, when writing a Python application, the developer had two choices:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>Ignore the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InterruptedError</span></code>.</li> <li>Handle the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InterruptedError</span></code> and attempt to restart the interrupted system call at every call site.</li> </ol> <p>The first option makes an application fail intermittently. The second option adds a large amount of boilerplate that makes the code nearly unreadable. Compare:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello World"</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>and:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello World"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">InterruptedError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">continue</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><span class="target" id="index-15"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0475"><strong>PEP 475</strong></a> implements automatic retry of system calls on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EINTR</span></code>. This removes the burden of dealing with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EINTR</span></code> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#InterruptedError" title="InterruptedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InterruptedError</span></code></a> in user code in most situations and makes Python programs, including the standard library, more robust. Note that the system call is only retried if the signal handler does not raise an exception.</p> <p>Below is a list of functions which are now retried when interrupted by a signal:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.open" title="io.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.open()</span></code></a>;</li> <li>functions of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler" title="faulthandler: Dump the Python traceback."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">faulthandler</span></code></a> module;</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> functions: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fchdir" title="os.fchdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fchdir()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fchmod" title="os.fchmod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fchmod()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fchown" title="os.fchown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fchown()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fdatasync" title="os.fdatasync"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fdatasync()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fstat()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fstatvfs" title="os.fstatvfs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fstatvfs()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fsync" title="os.fsync"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fsync()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.ftruncate" title="os.ftruncate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftruncate()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.mkfifo" title="os.mkfifo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkfifo()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.mknod" title="os.mknod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mknod()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.open" title="os.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.posix_fadvise" title="os.posix_fadvise"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_fadvise()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.posix_fallocate" title="os.posix_fallocate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix_fallocate()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.pread" title="os.pread"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pread()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.pwrite" title="os.pwrite"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwrite()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.read" title="os.read"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.readv" title="os.readv"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readv()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.sendfile" title="os.sendfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sendfile()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.wait3" title="os.wait3"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait3()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.wait4" title="os.wait4"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait4()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.wait" title="os.wait"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.waitid" title="os.waitid"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">waitid()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.waitpid" title="os.waitpid"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">waitpid()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.write" title="os.write"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.writev" title="os.writev"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">writev()</span></code></a>;</li> <li>special cases: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.close" title="os.close"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.close()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.dup2" title="os.dup2"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.dup2()</span></code></a> now ignore <a class="reference internal" href="../library/errno.html#errno.EINTR" title="errno.EINTR"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EINTR</span></code></a> errors; the syscall is not retried (see the PEP for the rationale);</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#module-select" title="select: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code></a> functions: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#select.devpoll.poll" title="select.devpoll.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">devpoll.poll()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#select.epoll.poll" title="select.epoll.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">epoll.poll()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#select.kqueue.control" title="select.kqueue.control"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kqueue.control()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#select.poll.poll" title="select.poll.poll"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poll.poll()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select()</span></code></a>;</li> <li>methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a> class: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">accept()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connect()</span></code></a> (except for non-blocking sockets), <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recv()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.recvfrom" title="socket.socket.recvfrom"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recvfrom()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.recvmsg" title="socket.socket.recvmsg"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">recvmsg()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">send()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.sendall" title="socket.socket.sendall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sendall()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.sendmsg" title="socket.socket.sendmsg"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sendmsg()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.sendto" title="socket.socket.sendto"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sendto()</span></code></a>;</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.sigtimedwait" title="signal.sigtimedwait"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.sigtimedwait()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.sigwaitinfo" title="signal.sigwaitinfo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.sigwaitinfo()</span></code></a>;</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../library/time.html#time.sleep" title="time.sleep"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.sleep()</span></code></a>.</li> </ul> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-16"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0475"><strong>PEP 475</strong></a> – Retry system calls failing with EINTR</dt> <dd>PEP and implementation written by Charles-François Natali and Victor Stinner, with the help of Antoine Pitrou (the French connection).</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-479"></span><h3>PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The interaction of generators and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#StopIteration" title="StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a> in Python 3.4 and earlier was sometimes surprising, and could conceal obscure bugs. Previously, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code> raised accidentally inside a generator function was interpreted as the end of the iteration by the loop construct driving the generator.</p> <p><span class="target" id="index-17"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0479"><strong>PEP 479</strong></a> changes the behavior of generators: when a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code> exception is raised inside a generator, it is replaced with a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> before it exits the generator frame. The main goal of this change is to ease debugging in the situation where an unguarded <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#next" title="next"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next()</span></code></a> call raises <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code> and causes the iteration controlled by the generator to terminate silently. This is particularly pernicious in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield</span> <span class="pre">from</span></code> construct.</p> <p>This is a backwards incompatible change, so to enable the new behavior, a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-future"><span class="xref std std-term">__future__</span></a> import is necessary:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">generator_stop</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">gen</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">iter</span><span class="p">([]))</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="gp">...</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gen</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">2</span>, in <span class="n">gen</span> <span class="gr">StopIteration</span> <span class="go">The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> File <span class="nb">"<stdin>"</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n"><module></span> <span class="gr">RuntimeError</span>: <span class="n">generator raised StopIteration</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Without a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> import, a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#PendingDeprecationWarning" title="PendingDeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PendingDeprecationWarning</span></code></a> will be raised whenever a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code> exception is raised inside a generator.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-18"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0479"><strong>PEP 479</strong></a> – Change StopIteration handling inside generators</dt> <dd>PEP written by Chris Angelico and Guido van Rossum. Implemented by Chris Angelico, Yury Selivanov and Nick Coghlan.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-485"></span><h3>PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-19"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0485"><strong>PEP 485</strong></a> adds the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#math.isclose" title="math.isclose"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math.isclose()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/cmath.html#cmath.isclose" title="cmath.isclose"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath.isclose()</span></code></a> functions which tell whether two values are approximately equal or “close” to each other. Whether or not two values are considered close is determined according to given absolute and relative tolerances. Relative tolerance is the maximum allowed difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isclose</span></code> arguments, relative to the larger absolute value:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">4.99998</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isclose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rel_tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">True</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isclose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rel_tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">False</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>It is also possible to compare two values using absolute tolerance, which must be a non-negative value:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">5.0</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">4.99998</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isclose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">abs_tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.00003</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">True</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">math</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isclose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">abs_tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.00001</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">False</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-20"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0485"><strong>PEP 485</strong></a> – A function for testing approximate equality</dt> <dd>PEP written by Christopher Barker; implemented by Chris Barker and Tal Einat.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-486"></span><h3>PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-21"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0486"><strong>PEP 486</strong></a> makes the Windows launcher (see <span class="target" id="index-22"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0397"><strong>PEP 397</strong></a>) aware of an active virtual environment. When the default interpreter would be used and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VIRTUAL_ENV</span></code> environment variable is set, the interpreter in the virtual environment will be used.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-23"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0486"><strong>PEP 486</strong></a> – Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Paul Moore.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-488"></span><h3>PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-24"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488"><strong>PEP 488</strong></a> does away with the concept of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files. This means that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files represent both unoptimized and optimized bytecode. To prevent the need to constantly regenerate bytecode files, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> files now have an optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">opt-</span></code> tag in their name when the bytecode is optimized. This has the side-effect of no more bytecode file name clashes when running under either <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-o"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-O</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-oo"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-OO</span></code></a>. Consequently, bytecode files generated from <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-o"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-O</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-oo"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-OO</span></code></a> may now exist simultaneously. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.util.cache_from_source" title="importlib.util.cache_from_source"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.util.cache_from_source()</span></code></a> has an updated API to help with this change.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-25"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488"><strong>PEP 488</strong></a> – Elimination of PYO files</dt> <dd>PEP written and implemented by Brett Cannon.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization"> <span id="whatsnew-pep-489"></span><h3>PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization<a class="headerlink" href="#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><span class="target" id="index-26"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489"><strong>PEP 489</strong></a> updates extension module initialization to take advantage of the two step module loading mechanism introduced by <span class="target" id="index-27"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0451"><strong>PEP 451</strong></a> in Python 3.4.</p> <p>This change brings the import semantics of extension modules that opt-in to using the new mechanism much closer to those of Python source and bytecode modules, including the ability to use any valid identifier as a module name, rather than being restricted to ASCII.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><span class="target" id="index-28"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489"><strong>PEP 489</strong></a> – Multi-phase extension module initialization</dt> <dd>PEP written by Petr Viktorin, Stefan Behnel, and Nick Coghlan; implemented by Petr Viktorin.</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="other-language-changes"> <h2>Other Language Changes<a class="headerlink" href="#other-language-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>Added the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"namereplace"</span></code> error handlers. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"backslashreplace"</span></code> error handlers now work with decoding and translating. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19676">bpo-19676</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22286">bpo-22286</a>.)</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-b"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-b</span></code></a> option now affects comparisons of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> with <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23681">bpo-23681</a>.)</li> <li>New Kazakh <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kz1048</span></code> and Tajik <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">koi8_t</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codecs.html#standard-encodings"><span class="std std-ref">codecs</span></a>. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22682">bpo-22682</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22681">bpo-22681</a>.)</li> <li>Property docstrings are now writable. This is especially useful for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections.namedtuple()</span></code></a> docstrings. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24064">bpo-24064</a>.)</li> <li>Circular imports involving relative imports are now supported. (Contributed by Brett Cannon and Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17636">bpo-17636</a>.)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="new-modules"> <h2>New Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#new-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="typing"> <h3>typing<a class="headerlink" href="#typing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/typing.html#module-typing" title="typing: Support for type hints (see PEP 484)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typing</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-provisional-api"><span class="xref std std-term">provisional</span></a> module provides standard definitions and tools for function type annotations. See <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-484"><span class="std std-ref">Type Hints</span></a> for more information.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="zipapp"> <span id="whatsnew-zipapp"></span><h3>zipapp<a class="headerlink" href="#zipapp" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/zipapp.html#module-zipapp" title="zipapp: Manage executable python zip archives"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code></a> module (specified in <span class="target" id="index-29"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441"><strong>PEP 441</strong></a>) provides an API and command line tool for creating executable Python Zip Applications, which were introduced in Python 2.6 in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue1739468">bpo-1739468</a>, but which were not well publicized, either at the time or since.</p> <p>With the new module, bundling your application is as simple as putting all the files, including a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file, into a directory <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp</span></code> and running:</p> <div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp myapp <span class="gp">$</span> python myapp.pyz </pre></div> </div> <p>The module implementation has been contributed by Paul Moore in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23491">bpo-23491</a>.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <p class="last"><span class="target" id="index-30"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441"><strong>PEP 441</strong></a> – Improving Python ZIP Application Support</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="improved-modules"> <h2>Improved Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#improved-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="argparse"> <h3>argparse<a class="headerlink" href="#argparse" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/argparse.html#argparse.ArgumentParser" title="argparse.ArgumentParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArgumentParser</span></code></a> class now allows disabling <a class="reference internal" href="../library/argparse.html#prefix-matching"><span class="std std-ref">abbreviated usage</span></a> of long options by setting <a class="reference internal" href="../library/argparse.html#allow-abbrev"><span class="std std-ref">allow_abbrev</span></a> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. (Contributed by Jonathan Paugh, Steven Bethard, paul j3 and Daniel Eriksson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue14910">bpo-14910</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="asyncio"> <h3>asyncio<a class="headerlink" href="#asyncio" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Since the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code></a> module is <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-provisional-api"><span class="xref std std-term">provisional</span></a>, all changes introduced in Python 3.5 have also been backported to Python 3.4.x.</p> <p>Notable changes in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code></a> module since Python 3.4.0:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>New debugging APIs: <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.set_debug()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.get_debug()</span></code> methods. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)</li> <li>The proactor event loop now supports SSL. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22560">bpo-22560</a>.)</li> <li>A new <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.is_closed()</span></code> method to check if the event loop is closed. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21326">bpo-21326</a>.)</li> <li>A new <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_task()</span></code> to conveniently create and schedule a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task" title="asyncio.Task"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Task</span></code></a> for a coroutine. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_task</span></code> method is also used by all asyncio functions that wrap coroutines into tasks, such as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.wait" title="asyncio.wait"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.wait()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.gather" title="asyncio.gather"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.gather()</span></code></a>, etc. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)</li> <li>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio.WriteTransport.get_write_buffer_limits" title="asyncio.WriteTransport.get_write_buffer_limits"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transport.get_write_buffer_limits()</span></code></a> method to inquire for <em>high-</em> and <em>low-</em> water limits of the flow control. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.async" title="asyncio.async"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async()</span></code></a> function is deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.ensure_future" title="asyncio.ensure_future"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_future()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.AbstractEventLoop.set_task_factory" title="asyncio.AbstractEventLoop.set_task_factory"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.set_task_factory()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.AbstractEventLoop.get_task_factory" title="asyncio.AbstractEventLoop.get_task_factory"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.get_task_factory()</span></code></a> methods to customize the task factory that <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_task()</span></code> method uses. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-queue.html#asyncio.Queue.join" title="asyncio.Queue.join"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Queue.join()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-queue.html#asyncio.Queue.task_done" title="asyncio.Queue.task_done"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Queue.task_done()</span></code></a> queue methods. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)</li> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JoinableQueue</span></code> class was removed, in favor of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-queue.html#asyncio.Queue" title="asyncio.Queue"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.Queue</span></code></a> class. (Contributed by Victor Stinner.)</li> </ul> <p>Updates in 3.5.1:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.ensure_future" title="asyncio.ensure_future"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_future()</span></code></a> function and all functions that use it, such as <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.run_until_complete()</span></code>, now accept all kinds of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable"><span class="xref std std-term">awaitable objects</span></a>. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe" title="asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_coroutine_threadsafe()</span></code></a> function to submit coroutines to event loops from other threads. (Contributed by Vincent Michel.)</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-protocol.html#asyncio.BaseTransport.is_closing" title="asyncio.BaseTransport.is_closing"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Transport.is_closing()</span></code></a> method to check if the transport is closing or closed. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_server()</span></code> method can now accept a list of hosts. (Contributed by Yann Sionneau.)</li> </ul> <p>Updates in 3.5.2:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>New <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_future()</span></code> method to create Future objects. This allows alternative event loop implementations, such as <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop">uvloop</a>, to provide a faster <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Future" title="asyncio.Future"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.Future</span></code></a> implementation. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>New <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.get_exception_handler()</span></code> method to get the current exception handler. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov.)</li> <li>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-stream.html#asyncio.StreamReader.readuntil" title="asyncio.StreamReader.readuntil"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StreamReader.readuntil()</span></code></a> method to read data from the stream until a separator bytes sequence appears. (Contributed by Mark Korenberg.)</li> <li>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_connection()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.create_server()</span></code> methods are optimized to avoid calling the system <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getaddrinfo</span></code> function if the address is already resolved. (Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis.)</li> <li>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">loop.sock_connect(sock,</span> <span class="pre">address)</span></code> no longer requires the <em>address</em> to be resolved prior to the call. (Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis.)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="bz2"> <h3>bz2<a class="headerlink" href="#bz2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/bz2.html#bz2.BZ2Decompressor.decompress" title="bz2.BZ2Decompressor.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BZ2Decompressor.decompress</span></code></a> method now accepts an optional <em>max_length</em> argument to limit the maximum size of decompressed data. (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15955">bpo-15955</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="cgi"> <h3>cgi<a class="headerlink" href="#cgi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FieldStorage</span></code> class now supports the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a> protocol. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20289">bpo-20289</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="cmath"> <h3>cmath<a class="headerlink" href="#cmath" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/cmath.html#cmath.isclose" title="cmath.isclose"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isclose()</span></code></a> provides a way to test for approximate equality. (Contributed by Chris Barker and Tal Einat in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24270">bpo-24270</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="code"> <h3>code<a class="headerlink" href="#code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/code.html#code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback()</span></code></a> method now prints the full chained traceback, just like the interactive interpreter. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17442">bpo-17442</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="collections"> <h3>collections<a class="headerlink" href="#collections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p id="whatsnew-ordereddict">The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.OrderedDict" title="collections.OrderedDict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict</span></code></a> class is now implemented in C, which makes it 4 to 100 times faster. (Contributed by Eric Snow in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16991">bpo-16991</a>.)</p> <p><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict.items()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict.keys()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OrderedDict.values()</span></code> views now support <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#reversed" title="reversed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reversed()</span></code></a> iteration. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19505">bpo-19505</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.deque" title="collections.deque"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">deque</span></code></a> class now defines <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.deque.index" title="collections.deque.index"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">index()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.deque.insert" title="collections.deque.insert"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">insert()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.deque.copy" title="collections.deque.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a>, and supports the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> operators. This allows deques to be recognized as a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.MutableSequence" title="collections.abc.MutableSequence"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MutableSequence</span></code></a> and improves their substitutability for lists. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23704">bpo-23704</a>.)</p> <p>Docstrings produced by <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code></a> can now be updated:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Point</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">namedtuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Point'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'y'</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="n">Point</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__doc__</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="s1">': Cartesian coodinate'</span> <span class="n">Point</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__doc__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'abscissa'</span> <span class="n">Point</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__doc__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'ordinate'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24064">bpo-24064</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.UserString" title="collections.UserString"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code></a> class now implements the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pickle.html#object.__getnewargs__" title="object.__getnewargs__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getnewargs__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__rmod__" title="object.__rmod__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__rmod__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.casefold" title="str.casefold"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">casefold()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.format_map" title="str.format_map"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format_map()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.isprintable" title="str.isprintable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isprintable()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.maketrans" title="str.maketrans"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maketrans()</span></code></a> methods to match the corresponding methods of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Joe Jevnik in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22189">bpo-22189</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="collections-abc"> <h3>collections.abc<a class="headerlink" href="#collections-abc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Sequence.index()</span></code> method now accepts <em>start</em> and <em>stop</em> arguments to match the corresponding methods of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#tuple" title="tuple"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#list" title="list"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code></a>, etc. (Contributed by Devin Jeanpierre in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23086">bpo-23086</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Generator" title="collections.abc.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Generator</span></code></a> abstract base class. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24018">bpo-24018</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Awaitable" title="collections.abc.Awaitable"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Awaitable</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Coroutine" title="collections.abc.Coroutine"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Coroutine</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.AsyncIterator" title="collections.abc.AsyncIterator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsyncIterator</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.AsyncIterable" title="collections.abc.AsyncIterable"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AsyncIterable</span></code></a> abstract base classes. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24184">bpo-24184</a>.)</p> <p>For earlier Python versions, a backport of the new ABCs is available in an external <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/backports_abc">PyPI package</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="compileall"> <h3>compileall<a class="headerlink" href="#compileall" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/compileall.html#module-compileall" title="compileall: Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code></a> option, <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-j</span> <em><span class="pre">N</span></em></code>, allows running <em>N</em> workers simultaneously to perform parallel bytecode compilation. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/compileall.html#compileall.compile_dir" title="compileall.compile_dir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_dir()</span></code></a> function has a corresponding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">workers</span></code> parameter. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16104">bpo-16104</a>.)</p> <p>Another new option, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-r</span></code>, allows controlling the maximum recursion level for subdirectories. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19628">bpo-19628</a>.)</p> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-q</span></code> command line option can now be specified more than once, in which case all output, including errors, will be suppressed. The corresponding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quiet</span></code> parameter in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/compileall.html#compileall.compile_dir" title="compileall.compile_dir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_dir()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/compileall.html#compileall.compile_file" title="compileall.compile_file"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_file()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/compileall.html#compileall.compile_path" title="compileall.compile_path"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_path()</span></code></a> can now accept an integer value indicating the level of output suppression. (Contributed by Thomas Kluyver in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21338">bpo-21338</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="concurrent-futures"> <h3>concurrent.futures<a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-futures" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.Executor.map" title="concurrent.futures.Executor.map"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Executor.map()</span></code></a> method now accepts a <em>chunksize</em> argument to allow batching of tasks to improve performance when <a class="reference internal" href="../library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ProcessPoolExecutor()</span></code></a> is used. (Contributed by Dan O’Reilly in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue11271">bpo-11271</a>.)</p> <p>The number of workers in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/concurrent.futures.html#concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor" title="concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ThreadPoolExecutor</span></code></a> constructor is optional now. The default value is 5 times the number of CPUs. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21527">bpo-21527</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="configparser"> <h3>configparser<a class="headerlink" href="#configparser" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/configparser.html#module-configparser" title="configparser: Configuration file parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">configparser</span></code></a> now provides a way to customize the conversion of values by specifying a dictionary of converters in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/configparser.html#configparser.ConfigParser" title="configparser.ConfigParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code></a> constructor, or by defining them as methods in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code> subclasses. Converters defined in a parser instance are inherited by its section proxies.</p> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">configparser</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">conv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'list'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">configparser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ConfigParser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">converters</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">conv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cfg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2">[s]</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2">list = a b c d e f g</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2">"""</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cfg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'s'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'list'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'a b c d e f g'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cfg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'s'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'list'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">section</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cfg</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'s'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">section</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'list'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Łukasz Langa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18159">bpo-18159</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="contextlib"> <h3>contextlib<a class="headerlink" href="#contextlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/contextlib.html#contextlib.redirect_stderr" title="contextlib.redirect_stderr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">redirect_stderr()</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a> (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/contextlib.html#contextlib.redirect_stdout" title="contextlib.redirect_stdout"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">redirect_stdout()</span></code></a>) makes it easier for utility scripts to handle inflexible APIs that write their output to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code></a> and don’t provide any options to redirect it:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">contextlib</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">io</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">logging</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">StringIO</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">contextlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">redirect_stderr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">warning</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'warning'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">...</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">'WARNING:root:warning\n'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22389">bpo-22389</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="csv"> <h3>csv<a class="headerlink" href="#csv" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/csv.html#csv.csvwriter.writerow" title="csv.csvwriter.writerow"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">writerow()</span></code></a> method now supports arbitrary iterables, not just sequences. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23171">bpo-23171</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="curses"> <h3>curses<a class="headerlink" href="#curses" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/curses.html#curses.update_lines_cols" title="curses.update_lines_cols"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_lines_cols()</span></code></a> function updates the <span class="target" id="index-31"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LINES</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-32"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">COLS</span></code> environment variables. This is useful for detecting manual screen resizing. (Contributed by Arnon Yaari in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue4254">bpo-4254</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="dbm"> <h3>dbm<a class="headerlink" href="#dbm" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/dbm.html#dbm.dumb.open" title="dbm.dumb.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dumb.open</span></code></a> always creates a new database when the flag has the value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"n"</span></code>. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18039">bpo-18039</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="difflib"> <h3>difflib<a class="headerlink" href="#difflib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The charset of HTML documents generated by <a class="reference internal" href="../library/difflib.html#difflib.HtmlDiff.make_file" title="difflib.HtmlDiff.make_file"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HtmlDiff.make_file()</span></code></a> can now be customized by using a new <em>charset</em> keyword-only argument. The default charset of HTML document changed from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"ISO-8859-1"</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"utf-8"</span></code>. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue2052">bpo-2052</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/difflib.html#difflib.diff_bytes" title="difflib.diff_bytes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">diff_bytes()</span></code></a> function can now compare lists of byte strings. This fixes a regression from Python 2. (Contributed by Terry J. Reedy and Greg Ward in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17445">bpo-17445</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="distutils"> <h3>distutils<a class="headerlink" href="#distutils" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Both the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">build</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">build_ext</span></code> commands now accept a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-j</span></code> option to enable parallel building of extension modules. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue5309">bpo-5309</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/distutils.html#module-distutils" title="distutils: Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code></a> module now supports <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xz</span></code> compression, and can be enabled by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xztar</span></code> as an argument to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdist</span> <span class="pre">--format</span></code>. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16314">bpo-16314</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="doctest"> <h3>doctest<a class="headerlink" href="#doctest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/doctest.html#doctest.DocTestSuite" title="doctest.DocTestSuite"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DocTestSuite()</span></code></a> function returns an empty <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#unittest.TestSuite" title="unittest.TestSuite"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.TestSuite</span></code></a> if <em>module</em> contains no docstrings, instead of raising <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Glenn Jones in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15916">bpo-15916</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="email"> <h3>email<a class="headerlink" href="#email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new policy option <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.policy.html#email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_" title="email.policy.Policy.mangle_from_"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Policy.mangle_from_</span></code></a> controls whether or not lines that start with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"From</span> <span class="pre">"</span></code> in email bodies are prefixed with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">">"</span></code> character by generators. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for all other policies. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20098">bpo-20098</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.get_content_disposition" title="email.message.Message.get_content_disposition"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message.get_content_disposition()</span></code></a> method provides easy access to a canonical value for the <em class="mailheader">Content-Disposition</em> header. (Contributed by Abhilash Raj in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21083">bpo-21083</a>.)</p> <p>A new policy option <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy.utf8" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy.utf8"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailPolicy.utf8</span></code></a> can be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> to encode email headers using the UTF-8 charset instead of using encoded words. This allows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Messages</span></code> to be formatted according to <span class="target" id="index-33"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a> and used with an SMTP server that supports the <span class="target" id="index-34"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6531.html"><strong>RFC 6531</strong></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPUTF8</span></code> extension. (Contributed by R. David Murray in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24211">bpo-24211</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.mime.html#email.mime.text.MIMEText" title="email.mime.text.MIMEText"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mime.text.MIMEText</span></code></a> constructor now accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/email.charset.html#email.charset.Charset" title="email.charset.Charset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">charset.Charset</span></code></a> instance. (Contributed by Claude Paroz and Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16324">bpo-16324</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="enum"> <h3>enum<a class="headerlink" href="#enum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/enum.html#enum.Enum" title="enum.Enum"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enum</span></code></a> callable has a new parameter <em>start</em> to specify the initial number of enum values if only <em>names</em> are provided:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Animal</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">enum</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Enum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Animal'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'cat dog'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cat</span> <span class="go"><Animal.cat: 10></span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Animal</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dog</span> <span class="go"><Animal.dog: 11></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Ethan Furman in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21706">bpo-21706</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="faulthandler"> <h3>faulthandler<a class="headerlink" href="#faulthandler" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/faulthandler.html#faulthandler.enable" title="faulthandler.enable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/faulthandler.html#faulthandler.register" title="faulthandler.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/faulthandler.html#faulthandler.dump_traceback" title="faulthandler.dump_traceback"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump_traceback()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/faulthandler.html#faulthandler.dump_traceback_later" title="faulthandler.dump_traceback_later"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump_traceback_later()</span></code></a> functions now accept file descriptors in addition to file-like objects. (Contributed by Wei Wu in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23566">bpo-23566</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="functools"> <h3>functools<a class="headerlink" href="#functools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p id="whatsnew-lrucache">Most of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache" title="functools.lru_cache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lru_cache()</span></code></a> machinery is now implemented in C, making it significantly faster. (Contributed by Matt Joiner, Alexey Kachayev, and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue14373">bpo-14373</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="glob"> <h3>glob<a class="headerlink" href="#glob" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/glob.html#glob.iglob" title="glob.iglob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iglob()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/glob.html#glob.glob" title="glob.glob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob()</span></code></a> functions now support recursive search in subdirectories, using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"**"</span></code> pattern. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13968">bpo-13968</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="gzip"> <h3>gzip<a class="headerlink" href="#gzip" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <em>mode</em> argument of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/gzip.html#gzip.GzipFile" title="gzip.GzipFile"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GzipFile</span></code></a> constructor now accepts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x"</span></code> to request exclusive creation. (Contributed by Tim Heaney in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19222">bpo-19222</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="heapq"> <h3>heapq<a class="headerlink" href="#heapq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Element comparison in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/heapq.html#heapq.merge" title="heapq.merge"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">merge()</span></code></a> can now be customized by passing a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-key-function"><span class="xref std std-term">key function</span></a> in a new optional <em>key</em> keyword argument, and a new optional <em>reverse</em> keyword argument can be used to reverse element comparison:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">heapq</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'9'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'777'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'55555'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'88'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'6666'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heapq</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">merge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="go">['9', '88', '777', '6666', '55555']</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heapq</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">merge</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">reverse</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="go">['55555', '6666', '777', '88', '9']</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13742">bpo-13742</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="http"> <h3>http<a class="headerlink" href="#http" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.html#http.HTTPStatus" title="http.HTTPStatus"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPStatus</span></code></a> enum that defines a set of HTTP status codes, reason phrases and long descriptions written in English. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21793">bpo-21793</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="http-client"> <h3>http.client<a class="headerlink" href="#http-client" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.client.html#http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse" title="http.client.HTTPConnection.getresponse"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPConnection.getresponse()</span></code></a> now raises a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.client.html#http.client.RemoteDisconnected" title="http.client.RemoteDisconnected"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RemoteDisconnected</span></code></a> exception when a remote server connection is closed unexpectedly. Additionally, if a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ConnectionError" title="ConnectionError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConnectionError</span></code></a> (of which <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RemoteDisconnected</span></code> is a subclass) is raised, the client socket is now closed automatically, and will reconnect on the next request:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">http.client</span> <span class="n">conn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTPConnection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'www.python.org'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">retries</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'GET'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">resp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getresponse</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">http</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RemoteDisconnected</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">pass</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Martin Panter in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue3566">bpo-3566</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="idlelib-and-idle"> <h3>idlelib and IDLE<a class="headerlink" href="#idlelib-and-idle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Since idlelib implements the IDLE shell and editor and is not intended for import by other programs, it gets improvements with every release. See <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib/idlelib/NEWS.txt</span></code> for a cumulative list of changes since 3.4.0, as well as changes made in future 3.5.x releases. This file is also available from the IDLE <span class="menuselection">Help ‣ About IDLE</span> dialog.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="imaplib"> <h3>imaplib<a class="headerlink" href="#imaplib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imaplib.html#imaplib.IMAP4" title="imaplib.IMAP4"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IMAP4</span></code></a> class now supports the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a> protocol. When used in a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement, the IMAP4 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOGOUT</span></code> command will be called automatically at the end of the block. (Contributed by Tarek Ziadé and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue4972">bpo-4972</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imaplib.html#module-imaplib" title="imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code></a> module now supports <span class="target" id="index-35"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5161.html"><strong>RFC 5161</strong></a> (ENABLE Extension) and <span class="target" id="index-36"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6855.html"><strong>RFC 6855</strong></a> (UTF-8 Support) via the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imaplib.html#imaplib.IMAP4.enable" title="imaplib.IMAP4.enable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IMAP4.enable()</span></code></a> method. A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imaplib.html#imaplib.IMAP4.utf8_enabled" title="imaplib.IMAP4.utf8_enabled"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IMAP4.utf8_enabled</span></code></a> attribute tracks whether or not <span class="target" id="index-37"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6855.html"><strong>RFC 6855</strong></a> support is enabled. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch, R. David Murray, and Maciej Szulik in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21800">bpo-21800</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imaplib.html#module-imaplib" title="imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code></a> module now automatically encodes non-ASCII string usernames and passwords using UTF-8, as recommended by the RFCs. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21800">bpo-21800</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="imghdr"> <h3>imghdr<a class="headerlink" href="#imghdr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/imghdr.html#imghdr.what" title="imghdr.what"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">what()</span></code></a> function now recognizes the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.openexr.com">OpenEXR</a> format (contributed by Martin Vignali and Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20295">bpo-20295</a>), and the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebP">WebP</a> format (contributed by Fabrice Aneche and Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20197">bpo-20197</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="importlib"> <h3>importlib<a class="headerlink" href="#importlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.util.LazyLoader" title="importlib.util.LazyLoader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">util.LazyLoader</span></code></a> class allows for lazy loading of modules in applications where startup time is important. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17621">bpo-17621</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.abc.InspectLoader.source_to_code" title="importlib.abc.InspectLoader.source_to_code"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc.InspectLoader.source_to_code()</span></code></a> method is now a static method. This makes it easier to initialize a module object with code compiled from a string by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec(code,</span> <span class="pre">module.__dict__)</span></code>. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21156">bpo-21156</a>.)</p> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.util.module_from_spec" title="importlib.util.module_from_spec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">util.module_from_spec()</span></code></a> function is now the preferred way to create a new module. As opposed to creating a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/types.html#types.ModuleType" title="types.ModuleType"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types.ModuleType</span></code></a> instance directly, this new function will set the various import-controlled attributes based on the passed-in spec object. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20383">bpo-20383</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="inspect"> <h3>inspect<a class="headerlink" href="#inspect" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Signature" title="inspect.Signature"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Parameter" title="inspect.Parameter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Parameter</span></code></a> classes are now picklable and hashable. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20726">bpo-20726</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20334">bpo-20334</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.BoundArguments.apply_defaults" title="inspect.BoundArguments.apply_defaults"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BoundArguments.apply_defaults()</span></code></a> method provides a way to set default values for missing arguments:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'ham'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ba</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">signature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'spam'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ba</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apply_defaults</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ba</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arguments</span> <span class="go">OrderedDict([('a', 'spam'), ('b', 'ham'), ('args', ())])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24190">bpo-24190</a>.)</p> <p>A new class method <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Signature.from_callable" title="inspect.Signature.from_callable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature.from_callable()</span></code></a> makes subclassing of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Signature" title="inspect.Signature"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature</span></code></a> easier. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov and Eric Snow in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17373">bpo-17373</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.signature" title="inspect.signature"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signature()</span></code></a> function now accepts a <em>follow_wrapped</em> optional keyword argument, which, when set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, disables automatic following of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__wrapped__</span></code> links. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20691">bpo-20691</a>.)</p> <p>A set of new functions to inspect <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine-function"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine functions</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine objects</span></a> has been added: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.iscoroutine" title="inspect.iscoroutine"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iscoroutine()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.iscoroutinefunction" title="inspect.iscoroutinefunction"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iscoroutinefunction()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.isawaitable" title="inspect.isawaitable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isawaitable()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getcoroutinelocals" title="inspect.getcoroutinelocals"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getcoroutinelocals()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getcoroutinestate" title="inspect.getcoroutinestate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getcoroutinestate()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24017">bpo-24017</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24400">bpo-24400</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.stack" title="inspect.stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stack()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.trace" title="inspect.trace"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getouterframes" title="inspect.getouterframes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getouterframes()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getinnerframes" title="inspect.getinnerframes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getinnerframes()</span></code></a> functions now return a list of named tuples. (Contributed by Daniel Shahaf in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16808">bpo-16808</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="io"> <h3>io<a class="headerlink" href="#io" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.BufferedIOBase.readinto1" title="io.BufferedIOBase.readinto1"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BufferedIOBase.readinto1()</span></code></a> method, that uses at most one call to the underlying raw stream’s <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.RawIOBase.read" title="io.RawIOBase.read"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RawIOBase.read()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.RawIOBase.readinto" title="io.RawIOBase.readinto"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RawIOBase.readinto()</span></code></a> methods. (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20578">bpo-20578</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="ipaddress"> <h3>ipaddress<a class="headerlink" href="#ipaddress" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network" title="ipaddress.IPv4Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv4Network</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv6Network" title="ipaddress.IPv6Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv6Network</span></code></a> classes now accept an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(address,</span> <span class="pre">netmask)</span></code> tuple argument, so as to easily construct network objects from existing addresses:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ipaddress</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ipaddress</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPv4Network</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">'127.0.0.0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="go">IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ipaddress</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPv4Network</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s1">'127.0.0.0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'255.0.0.0'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="go">IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/8')</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Peter Moody and Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16531">bpo-16531</a>.)</p> <p>A new <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reverse_pointer</span></code> attribute for the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network" title="ipaddress.IPv4Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv4Network</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv6Network" title="ipaddress.IPv6Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv6Network</span></code></a> classes returns the name of the reverse DNS PTR record:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ipaddress</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ipaddress</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPv4Address</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'127.0.0.1'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reverse_pointer</span> <span class="go">'1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">addr6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ipaddress</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPv6Address</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'::1'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">addr6</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reverse_pointer</span> <span class="go">'1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Leon Weber in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20480">bpo-20480</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="json"> <h3>json<a class="headerlink" href="#json" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/json.html#module-json.tool" title="json.tool: A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json.tool</span></code></a> command line interface now preserves the order of keys in JSON objects passed in input. The new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--sort-keys</span></code> option can be used to sort the keys alphabetically. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21650">bpo-21650</a>.)</p> <p>JSON decoder now raises <a class="reference internal" href="../library/json.html#json.JSONDecodeError" title="json.JSONDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JSONDecodeError</span></code></a> instead of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> to provide better context information about the error. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19361">bpo-19361</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="linecache"> <h3>linecache<a class="headerlink" href="#linecache" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/linecache.html#linecache.lazycache" title="linecache.lazycache"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lazycache()</span></code></a> function can be used to capture information about a non-file-based module to permit getting its lines later via <a class="reference internal" href="../library/linecache.html#linecache.getline" title="linecache.getline"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getline()</span></code></a>. This avoids doing I/O until a line is actually needed, without having to carry the module globals around indefinitely. (Contributed by Robert Collins in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17911">bpo-17911</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="locale"> <h3>locale<a class="headerlink" href="#locale" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/locale.html#locale.delocalize" title="locale.delocalize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delocalize()</span></code></a> function can be used to convert a string into a normalized number string, taking the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LC_NUMERIC</span></code> settings into account:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">locale</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setlocale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LC_NUMERIC</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'de_DE.UTF-8'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'de_DE.UTF-8'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delocalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'1.234,56'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'1234.56'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setlocale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">LC_NUMERIC</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'en_US.UTF-8'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'en_US.UTF-8'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">locale</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delocalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'1,234.56'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">'1234.56'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Cédric Krier in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13918">bpo-13918</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="logging"> <h3>logging<a class="headerlink" href="#logging" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>All logging methods (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.html#logging.Logger" title="logging.Logger"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Logger</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.html#logging.Logger.log" title="logging.Logger.log"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">log()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.html#logging.Logger.exception" title="logging.Logger.exception"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exception()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.html#logging.Logger.critical" title="logging.Logger.critical"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">critical()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.html#logging.Logger.debug" title="logging.Logger.debug"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">debug()</span></code></a>, etc.), now accept exception instances as an <em>exc_info</em> argument, in addition to boolean values and exception tuples:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ZeroDivisionError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ex</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'exception'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exc_info</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ex</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">ERROR:root:exception</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20537">bpo-20537</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.handlers.html#logging.handlers.HTTPHandler" title="logging.handlers.HTTPHandler"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">handlers.HTTPHandler</span></code></a> class now accepts an optional <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> instance to configure SSL settings used in an HTTP connection. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22788">bpo-22788</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/logging.handlers.html#logging.handlers.QueueListener" title="logging.handlers.QueueListener"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">handlers.QueueListener</span></code></a> class now takes a <em>respect_handler_level</em> keyword argument which, if set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, will pass messages to handlers taking handler levels into account. (Contributed by Vinay Sajip.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="lzma"> <h3>lzma<a class="headerlink" href="#lzma" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/lzma.html#lzma.LZMADecompressor.decompress" title="lzma.LZMADecompressor.decompress"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LZMADecompressor.decompress()</span></code></a> method now accepts an optional <em>max_length</em> argument to limit the maximum size of decompressed data. (Contributed by Martin Panter in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15955">bpo-15955</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="math"> <h3>math<a class="headerlink" href="#math" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Two new constants have been added to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#module-math" title="math: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code></a> module: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#math.inf" title="math.inf"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inf</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#math.nan" title="math.nan"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nan</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23185">bpo-23185</a>.)</p> <p>A new function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#math.isclose" title="math.isclose"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isclose()</span></code></a> provides a way to test for approximate equality. (Contributed by Chris Barker and Tal Einat in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24270">bpo-24270</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/math.html#math.gcd" title="math.gcd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcd()</span></code></a> function has been added. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/fractions.html#fractions.gcd" title="fractions.gcd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions.gcd()</span></code></a> function is now deprecated. (Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22486">bpo-22486</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="multiprocessing"> <h3>multiprocessing<a class="headerlink" href="#multiprocessing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.sharedctypes.synchronized" title="multiprocessing.sharedctypes.synchronized"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sharedctypes.synchronized()</span></code></a> objects now support the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a> protocol. (Contributed by Charles-François Natali in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21565">bpo-21565</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="operator"> <h3>operator<a class="headerlink" href="#operator" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/operator.html#operator.attrgetter" title="operator.attrgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">attrgetter()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/operator.html#operator.itemgetter" title="operator.itemgetter"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itemgetter()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/operator.html#operator.methodcaller" title="operator.methodcaller"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">methodcaller()</span></code></a> objects now support pickling. (Contributed by Josh Rosenberg and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22955">bpo-22955</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/operator.html#operator.matmul" title="operator.matmul"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">matmul()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/operator.html#operator.imatmul" title="operator.imatmul"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imatmul()</span></code></a> functions to perform matrix multiplication. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21176">bpo-21176</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="os"> <h3>os<a class="headerlink" href="#os" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scandir()</span></code></a> function returning an iterator of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.DirEntry" title="os.DirEntry"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DirEntry</span></code></a> objects has been added. If possible, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scandir()</span></code></a> extracts file attributes while scanning a directory, removing the need to perform subsequent system calls to determine file type or attributes, which may significantly improve performance. (Contributed by Ben Hoyt with the help of Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22524">bpo-22524</a>.)</p> <p>On Windows, a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.stat_result.st_file_attributes" title="os.stat_result.st_file_attributes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat_result.st_file_attributes</span></code></a> attribute is now available. It corresponds to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dwFileAttributes</span></code> member of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION</span></code> structure returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetFileInformationByHandle()</span></code>. (Contributed by Ben Hoyt in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21719">bpo-21719</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.urandom" title="os.urandom"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urandom()</span></code></a> function now uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getrandom()</span></code> syscall on Linux 3.17 or newer, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getentropy()</span></code> on OpenBSD 5.6 and newer, removing the need to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/urandom</span></code> and avoiding failures due to potential file descriptor exhaustion. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22181">bpo-22181</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.get_blocking" title="os.get_blocking"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_blocking()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.set_blocking" title="os.set_blocking"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_blocking()</span></code></a> functions allow getting and setting a file descriptor’s blocking mode (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.O_NONBLOCK" title="os.O_NONBLOCK"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">O_NONBLOCK</span></code></a>.) (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22054">bpo-22054</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.truncate" title="os.truncate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">truncate()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.ftruncate" title="os.ftruncate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftruncate()</span></code></a> functions are now supported on Windows. (Contributed by Steve Dower in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23668">bpo-23668</a>.)</p> <p>There is a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.path.html#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.commonpath()</span></code></a> function returning the longest common sub-path of each passed pathname. Unlike the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.path.html#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.commonprefix()</span></code></a> function, it always returns a valid path:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'/usr/lib'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib'</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">'/usr/l'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'/usr/lib'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib'</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="go">'/usr'</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Rafik Draoui and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue10395">bpo-10395</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="pathlib"> <h3>pathlib<a class="headerlink" href="#pathlib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.samefile" title="pathlib.Path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.samefile()</span></code></a> method can be used to check whether the path points to the same file as another path, which can be either another <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> object, or a string:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc/hosts'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/etc/../etc/hosts'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">samefile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">True</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Vajrasky Kok and Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19775">bpo-19775</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.mkdir" title="pathlib.Path.mkdir"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.mkdir()</span></code></a> method now accepts a new optional <em>exist_ok</em> argument to match <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdir</span> <span class="pre">-p</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.makedirs" title="os.makedirs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.makedirs()</span></code></a> functionality. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21539">bpo-21539</a>.)</p> <p>There is a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.expanduser" title="pathlib.Path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.expanduser()</span></code></a> method to expand <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> prefixes. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka and Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19776">bpo-19776</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.home" title="pathlib.Path.home"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.home()</span></code></a> class method can be used to get a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path" title="pathlib.Path"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path</span></code></a> instance representing the user’s home directory. (Contributed by Victor Salgado and Mayank Tripathi in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19777">bpo-19777</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.write_text" title="pathlib.Path.write_text"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.write_text()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.read_text" title="pathlib.Path.read_text"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.read_text()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.write_bytes" title="pathlib.Path.write_bytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.write_bytes()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pathlib.html#pathlib.Path.read_bytes" title="pathlib.Path.read_bytes"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Path.read_bytes()</span></code></a> methods to simplify read/write operations on files.</p> <p>The following code snippet will create or rewrite existing file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/spam42</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pathlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'~/spam42'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ham'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">3</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Christopher Welborn in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20218">bpo-20218</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="pickle"> <h3>pickle<a class="headerlink" href="#pickle" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Nested objects, such as unbound methods or nested classes, can now be pickled using <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pickle.html#pickle-protocols"><span class="std std-ref">pickle protocols</span></a> older than protocol version 4. Protocol version 4 already supports these cases. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23611">bpo-23611</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="poplib"> <h3>poplib<a class="headerlink" href="#poplib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/poplib.html#poplib.POP3.utf8" title="poplib.POP3.utf8"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP3.utf8()</span></code></a> command enables <span class="target" id="index-38"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6856.html"><strong>RFC 6856</strong></a> (Internationalized Email) support, if a POP server supports it. (Contributed by Milan OberKirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21804">bpo-21804</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="re"> <h3>re<a class="headerlink" href="#re" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>References and conditional references to groups with fixed length are now allowed in lookbehind assertions:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">re</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">r</span><span class="s1">'(a|b).(?<=\1)c'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'aac'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go"><_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='aac'></span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pat</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">match</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bbc'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go"><_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='bbc'></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue9179">bpo-9179</a>.)</p> <p>The number of capturing groups in regular expressions is no longer limited to 100. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22437">bpo-22437</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.sub" title="re.sub"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sub()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.subn" title="re.subn"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subn()</span></code></a> functions now replace unmatched groups with empty strings instead of raising an exception. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue1519638">bpo-1519638</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error" title="re.error"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.error</span></code></a> exceptions have new attributes, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error.msg" title="re.error.msg"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error.pattern" title="re.error.pattern"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pattern</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error.pos" title="re.error.pos"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error.lineno" title="re.error.lineno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lineno</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.error.colno" title="re.error.colno"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colno</span></code></a>, that provide better context information about the error:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">re</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2"> (?x)</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2"> .++</span> <span class="gp">... </span><span class="s2">"""</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> <span class="c">...</span> <span class="gr">sre_constants.error</span>: <span class="n">multiple repeat at position 16 (line 3, column 7)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22578">bpo-22578</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="readline"> <h3>readline<a class="headerlink" href="#readline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/readline.html#readline.append_history_file" title="readline.append_history_file"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">append_history_file()</span></code></a> function can be used to append the specified number of trailing elements in history to the given file. (Contributed by Bruno Cauet in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22940">bpo-22940</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="selectors"> <h3>selectors<a class="headerlink" href="#selectors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/selectors.html#selectors.DevpollSelector" title="selectors.DevpollSelector"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DevpollSelector</span></code></a> supports efficient <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/poll</span></code> polling on Solaris. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18931">bpo-18931</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="shutil"> <h3>shutil<a class="headerlink" href="#shutil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/shutil.html#shutil.move" title="shutil.move"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">move()</span></code></a> function now accepts a <em>copy_function</em> argument, allowing, for example, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/shutil.html#shutil.copy" title="shutil.copy"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a> function to be used instead of the default <a class="reference internal" href="../library/shutil.html#shutil.copy2" title="shutil.copy2"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy2()</span></code></a> if there is a need to ignore file metadata when moving. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19840">bpo-19840</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/shutil.html#shutil.make_archive" title="shutil.make_archive"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make_archive()</span></code></a> function now supports the <em>xztar</em> format. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue5411">bpo-5411</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="signal"> <h3>signal<a class="headerlink" href="#signal" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>On Windows, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.set_wakeup_fd" title="signal.set_wakeup_fd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_wakeup_fd()</span></code></a> function now also supports socket handles. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22018">bpo-22018</a>.)</p> <p>Various <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SIG*</span></code> constants in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code></a> module have been converted into <a class="reference internal" href="../library/enum.html#module-enum" title="enum: Implementation of an enumeration class."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Enums</span></code></a>. This allows meaningful names to be printed during debugging, instead of integer “magic numbers”. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21076">bpo-21076</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="smtpd"> <h3>smtpd<a class="headerlink" href="#smtpd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer" title="smtpd.SMTPServer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPChannel" title="smtpd.SMTPChannel"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPChannel</span></code></a> classes now accept a <em>decode_data</em> keyword argument to determine if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DATA</span></code> portion of the SMTP transaction is decoded using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"utf-8"</span></code> codec or is instead provided to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message" title="smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer.process_message()</span></code></a> method as a byte string. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for backward compatibility reasons, but will change to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> in Python 3.6. If <em>decode_data</em> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">process_message</span></code> method must be prepared to accept keyword arguments. (Contributed by Maciej Szulik in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19662">bpo-19662</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer" title="smtpd.SMTPServer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer</span></code></a> class now advertises the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">8BITMIME</span></code> extension (<span class="target" id="index-39"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6152.html"><strong>RFC 6152</strong></a>) if <em>decode_data</em> has been set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>. If the client specifies <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BODY=8BITMIME</span></code> on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAIL</span></code> command, it is passed to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message" title="smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer.process_message()</span></code></a> via the <em>mail_options</em> keyword. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch and R. David Murray in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21795">bpo-21795</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer" title="smtpd.SMTPServer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer</span></code></a> class now also supports the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPUTF8</span></code> extension (<span class="target" id="index-40"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6531.html"><strong>RFC 6531</strong></a>: Internationalized Email). If the client specified <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPUTF8</span> <span class="pre">BODY=8BITMIME</span></code> on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAIL</span></code> command, they are passed to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message" title="smtpd.SMTPServer.process_message"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer.process_message()</span></code></a> via the <em>mail_options</em> keyword. It is the responsibility of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">process_message</span></code> method to correctly handle the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPUTF8</span></code> data. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21725">bpo-21725</a>.)</p> <p>It is now possible to provide, directly or via name resolution, IPv6 addresses in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer" title="smtpd.SMTPServer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer</span></code></a> constructor, and have it successfully connect. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue14758">bpo-14758</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="smtplib"> <h3>smtplib<a class="headerlink" href="#smtplib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#smtplib.SMTP.auth" title="smtplib.SMTP.auth"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTP.auth()</span></code></a> method provides a convenient way to implement custom authentication mechanisms. (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15014">bpo-15014</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#smtplib.SMTP.set_debuglevel" title="smtplib.SMTP.set_debuglevel"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTP.set_debuglevel()</span></code></a> method now accepts an additional debuglevel (2), which enables timestamps in debug messages. (Contributed by Gavin Chappell and Maciej Szulik in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16914">bpo-16914</a>.)</p> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#smtplib.SMTP.sendmail" title="smtplib.SMTP.sendmail"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTP.sendmail()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#smtplib.SMTP.send_message" title="smtplib.SMTP.send_message"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTP.send_message()</span></code></a> methods now support <span class="target" id="index-41"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6531.html"><strong>RFC 6531</strong></a> (SMTPUTF8). (Contributed by Milan Oberkirch and R. David Murray in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22027">bpo-22027</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="sndhdr"> <h3>sndhdr<a class="headerlink" href="#sndhdr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sndhdr.html#sndhdr.what" title="sndhdr.what"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">what()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sndhdr.html#sndhdr.whathdr" title="sndhdr.whathdr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whathdr()</span></code></a> functions now return a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">namedtuple()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18615">bpo-18615</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="socket"> <h3>socket<a class="headerlink" href="#socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Functions with timeouts now use a monotonic clock, instead of a system clock. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22043">bpo-22043</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.sendfile" title="socket.socket.sendfile"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket.sendfile()</span></code></a> method allows sending a file over a socket by using the high-performance <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.sendfile" title="os.sendfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.sendfile()</span></code></a> function on UNIX, resulting in uploads being from 2 to 3 times faster than when using plain <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket.send()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17552">bpo-17552</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.sendall" title="socket.socket.sendall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket.sendall()</span></code></a> method no longer resets the socket timeout every time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23853">bpo-23853</a>.)</p> <p>The <em>backlog</em> argument of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.socket.listen" title="socket.socket.listen"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket.listen()</span></code></a> method is now optional. By default it is set to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.SOMAXCONN" title="socket.SOMAXCONN"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SOMAXCONN</span></code></a> or to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">128</span></code>, whichever is less. (Contributed by Charles-François Natali in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21455">bpo-21455</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="ssl"> <h3>ssl<a class="headerlink" href="#ssl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <div class="section" id="memory-bio-support"> <span id="whatsnew-sslmemorybio"></span><h4>Memory BIO Support<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-bio-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>(Contributed by Geert Jansen in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21965">bpo-21965</a>.)</p> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLObject" title="ssl.SSLObject"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLObject</span></code></a> class has been added to provide SSL protocol support for cases when the network I/O capabilities of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket" title="ssl.SSLSocket"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket</span></code></a> are not necessary or are suboptimal. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLObject</span></code> represents an SSL protocol instance, but does not implement any network I/O methods, and instead provides a memory buffer interface. The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.MemoryBIO" title="ssl.MemoryBIO"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryBIO</span></code></a> class can be used to pass data between Python and an SSL protocol instance.</p> <p>The memory BIO SSL support is primarily intended to be used in frameworks implementing asynchronous I/O for which <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket" title="ssl.SSLSocket"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket</span></code></a>’s readiness model (“select/poll”) is inefficient.</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio" title="ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLContext.wrap_bio()</span></code></a> method can be used to create a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLObject</span></code> instance.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support"> <h4>Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support<a class="headerlink" href="#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20188">bpo-20188</a>.)</p> <p>Where OpenSSL support is present, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code></a> module now implements the <em>Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation</em> TLS extension as described in <span class="target" id="index-42"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301.html"><strong>RFC 7301</strong></a>.</p> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols" title="ssl.SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLContext.set_alpn_protocols()</span></code></a> can be used to specify which protocols a socket should advertise during the TLS handshake.</p> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol" title="ssl.SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.selected_alpn_protocol()</span></code></a> returns the protocol that was selected during the TLS handshake. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.HAS_ALPN" title="ssl.HAS_ALPN"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HAS_ALPN</span></code></a> flag indicates whether ALPN support is present.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="other-changes"> <h4>Other Changes<a class="headerlink" href="#other-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4> <p>There is a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.version" title="ssl.SSLSocket.version"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.version()</span></code></a> method to query the actual protocol version in use. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20421">bpo-20421</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket" title="ssl.SSLSocket"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket</span></code></a> class now implements a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.sendfile()</span></code> method. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodola’ in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17552">bpo-17552</a>.)</p> <p>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.send()</span></code> method now raises either the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLWantReadError" title="ssl.SSLWantReadError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLWantReadError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLWantWriteError" title="ssl.SSLWantWriteError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLWantWriteError</span></code></a> exception on a non-blocking socket if the operation would block. Previously, it would return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20951">bpo-20951</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.cert_time_to_seconds" title="ssl.cert_time_to_seconds"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cert_time_to_seconds()</span></code></a> function now interprets the input time as UTC and not as local time, per <span class="target" id="index-43"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html"><strong>RFC 5280</strong></a>. Additionally, the return value is always an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Akira Li in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19940">bpo-19940</a>.)</p> <p>New <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLObject.shared_ciphers()</span></code> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers" title="ssl.SSLSocket.shared_ciphers"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.shared_ciphers()</span></code></a> methods return the list of ciphers sent by the client during the handshake. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23186">bpo-23186</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake" title="ssl.SSLSocket.do_handshake"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.do_handshake()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.read" title="ssl.SSLSocket.read"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.read()</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.shutdown()</span></code>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket.write" title="ssl.SSLSocket.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket.write()</span></code></a> methods of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLSocket" title="ssl.SSLSocket"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SSLSocket</span></code></a> class no longer reset the socket timeout every time bytes are received or sent. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration of the method. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23853">bpo-23853</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.match_hostname" title="ssl.match_hostname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">match_hostname()</span></code></a> function now supports matching of IP addresses. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23239">bpo-23239</a>.)</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="sqlite3"> <h3>sqlite3<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlite3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Row" title="sqlite3.Row"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Row</span></code></a> class now fully supports the sequence protocol, in particular <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#reversed" title="reversed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reversed()</span></code></a> iteration and slice indexing. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue10203">bpo-10203</a>; by Lucas Sinclair, Jessica McKellar, and Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13583">bpo-13583</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="subprocess"> <span id="whatsnew-subprocess"></span><h3>subprocess<a class="headerlink" href="#subprocess" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#subprocess.run" title="subprocess.run"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run()</span></code></a> function has been added. It runs the specified command and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#subprocess.CompletedProcess" title="subprocess.CompletedProcess"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CompletedProcess</span></code></a> object, which describes a finished process. The new API is more consistent and is the recommended approach to invoking subprocesses in Python code that does not need to maintain compatibility with earlier Python versions. (Contributed by Thomas Kluyver in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23342">bpo-23342</a>.)</p> <p>Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"ls"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"-l"</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="c1"># doesn't capture output</span> <span class="go">CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"exit 1"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">check</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span> <span class="c">...</span> <span class="gr">subprocess.CalledProcessError</span>: <span class="n">Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">"ls"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"-l"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"/dev/null"</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">stdout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PIPE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,</span> <span class="go">stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n')</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="sys"> <h3>sys<a class="headerlink" href="#sys" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.set_coroutine_wrapper" title="sys.set_coroutine_wrapper"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_coroutine_wrapper()</span></code></a> function allows setting a global hook that will be called whenever a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine object</span></a> is created by an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code></a> function. A corresponding <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.get_coroutine_wrapper" title="sys.get_coroutine_wrapper"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_coroutine_wrapper()</span></code></a> can be used to obtain a currently set wrapper. Both functions are <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-provisional-api"><span class="xref std std-term">provisional</span></a>, and are intended for debugging purposes only. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24017">bpo-24017</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.is_finalizing" title="sys.is_finalizing"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">is_finalizing()</span></code></a> function can be used to check if the Python interpreter is <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-interpreter-shutdown"><span class="xref std std-term">shutting down</span></a>. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22696">bpo-22696</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="sysconfig"> <h3>sysconfig<a class="headerlink" href="#sysconfig" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The name of the user scripts directory on Windows now includes the first two components of the Python version. (Contributed by Paul Moore in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23437">bpo-23437</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="tarfile"> <h3>tarfile<a class="headerlink" href="#tarfile" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <em>mode</em> argument of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#tarfile.open" title="tarfile.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> function now accepts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x"</span></code> to request exclusive creation. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21717">bpo-21717</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#tarfile.TarFile.extractall" title="tarfile.TarFile.extractall"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TarFile.extractall()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#tarfile.TarFile.extract" title="tarfile.TarFile.extract"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TarFile.extract()</span></code></a> methods now take a keyword argument <em>numeric_owner</em>. If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the extracted files and directories will be owned by the numeric <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uid</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gid</span></code> from the tarfile. If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> (the default, and the behavior in versions prior to 3.5), they will be owned by the named user and group in the tarfile. (Contributed by Michael Vogt and Eric Smith in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23193">bpo-23193</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#tarfile.TarFile.list" title="tarfile.TarFile.list"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TarFile.list()</span></code></a> now accepts an optional <em>members</em> keyword argument that can be set to a subset of the list returned by <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tarfile.html#tarfile.TarFile.getmembers" title="tarfile.TarFile.getmembers"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TarFile.getmembers()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21549">bpo-21549</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="threading"> <h3>threading<a class="headerlink" href="#threading" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/threading.html#threading.Lock.acquire" title="threading.Lock.acquire"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lock.acquire()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/threading.html#threading.RLock.acquire" title="threading.RLock.acquire"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RLock.acquire()</span></code></a> methods now use a monotonic clock for timeout management. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22043">bpo-22043</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="time"> <h3>time<a class="headerlink" href="#time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/time.html#time.monotonic" title="time.monotonic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">monotonic()</span></code></a> function is now always available. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22043">bpo-22043</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="timeit"> <h3>timeit<a class="headerlink" href="#timeit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new command line option <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-u</span></code> or <code class="samp docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--unit=</span><em><span class="pre">U</span></em></code> can be used to specify the time unit for the timer output. Supported options are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usec</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msec</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sec</span></code>. (Contributed by Julian Gindi in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18983">bpo-18983</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/timeit.html#timeit.timeit" title="timeit.timeit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit()</span></code></a> function has a new <em>globals</em> parameter for specifying the namespace in which the code will be running. (Contributed by Ben Roberts in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue2527">bpo-2527</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="tkinter"> <h3>tkinter<a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter._fix</span></code> module used for setting up the Tcl/Tk environment on Windows has been replaced by a private function in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_tkinter</span></code> module which makes no permanent changes to environment variables. (Contributed by Zachary Ware in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20035">bpo-20035</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="traceback"> <span id="whatsnew-traceback"></span><h3>traceback<a class="headerlink" href="#traceback" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.walk_stack" title="traceback.walk_stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk_stack()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.walk_tb" title="traceback.walk_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">walk_tb()</span></code></a> functions to conveniently traverse frame and traceback objects. (Contributed by Robert Collins in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17911">bpo-17911</a>.)</p> <p>New lightweight classes: <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.TracebackException" title="traceback.TracebackException"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TracebackException</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.StackSummary" title="traceback.StackSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StackSummary</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.FrameSummary" title="traceback.FrameSummary"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameSummary</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Robert Collins in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17911">bpo-17911</a>.)</p> <p>Both the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.print_tb" title="traceback.print_tb"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print_tb()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/traceback.html#traceback.print_stack" title="traceback.print_stack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print_stack()</span></code></a> functions now support negative values for the <em>limit</em> argument. (Contributed by Dmitry Kazakov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22619">bpo-22619</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="types"> <h3>types<a class="headerlink" href="#types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/types.html#types.coroutine" title="types.coroutine"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">coroutine()</span></code></a> function to transform <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Generator" title="collections.abc.Generator"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator-like</span></code></a> objects into <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-awaitable"><span class="xref std std-term">awaitables</span></a>. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24017">bpo-24017</a>.)</p> <p>A new type called <a class="reference internal" href="../library/types.html#types.CoroutineType" title="types.CoroutineType"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CoroutineType</span></code></a>, which is used for <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine</span></a> objects created by <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span> <span class="pre">def</span></code></a> functions. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24400">bpo-24400</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="unicodedata"> <h3>unicodedata<a class="headerlink" href="#unicodedata" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unicodedata.html#module-unicodedata" title="unicodedata: Access the Unicode Database."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code></a> module now uses data from <a class="reference external" href="http://unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/">Unicode 8.0.0</a>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="unittest"> <h3>unittest<a class="headerlink" href="#unittest" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule" title="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()</span></code></a> method now accepts a keyword-only argument <em>pattern</em> which is passed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></code> as the third argument. Found packages are now checked for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">load_tests</span></code> regardless of whether their path matches <em>pattern</em>, because it is impossible for a package name to match the default pattern. (Contributed by Robert Collins and Barry A. Warsaw in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16662">bpo-16662</a>.)</p> <p>Unittest discovery errors now are exposed in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#unittest.TestLoader.errors" title="unittest.TestLoader.errors"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TestLoader.errors</span></code></a> attribute of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#unittest.TestLoader" title="unittest.TestLoader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TestLoader</span></code></a> instance. (Contributed by Robert Collins in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19746">bpo-19746</a>.)</p> <p>A new command line option <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--locals</span></code> to show local variables in tracebacks. (Contributed by Robert Collins in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22936">bpo-22936</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="unittest-mock"> <h3>unittest.mock<a class="headerlink" href="#unittest-mock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.Mock" title="unittest.mock.Mock"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mock</span></code></a> class has the following improvements:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The class constructor has a new <em>unsafe</em> parameter, which causes mock objects to raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#AttributeError" title="AttributeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code></a> on attribute names starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"assert"</span></code>. (Contributed by Kushal Das in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21238">bpo-21238</a>.)</li> <li>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.Mock.assert_not_called" title="unittest.mock.Mock.assert_not_called"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Mock.assert_not_called()</span></code></a> method to check if the mock object was called. (Contributed by Kushal Das in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21262">bpo-21262</a>.)</li> </ul> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.MagicMock" title="unittest.mock.MagicMock"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MagicMock</span></code></a> class now supports <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__truediv__" title="object.__truediv__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__truediv__()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__divmod__" title="object.__divmod__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__divmod__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__matmul__" title="object.__matmul__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__matmul__()</span></code></a> operators. (Contributed by Johannes Baiter in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20968">bpo-20968</a>, and Håkan Lövdahl in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23581">bpo-23581</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23568">bpo-23568</a>.)</p> <p>It is no longer necessary to explicitly pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create=True</span></code> to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.mock.html#unittest.mock.patch" title="unittest.mock.patch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">patch()</span></code></a> function when patching builtin names. (Contributed by Kushal Das in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue17660">bpo-17660</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="urllib"> <h3>urllib<a class="headerlink" href="#urllib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth" title="urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth</span></code></a> class allows HTTP Basic Authentication credentials to be managed so as to eliminate unnecessary <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">401</span></code> response handling, or to unconditionally send credentials on the first request in order to communicate with servers that return a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">404</span></code> response instead of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">401</span></code> if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Authorization</span></code> header is not sent. (Contributed by Matej Cepl in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19494">bpo-19494</a> and Akshit Khurana in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue7159">bpo-7159</a>.)</p> <p>A new <em>quote_via</em> argument for the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urlencode" title="urllib.parse.urlencode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parse.urlencode()</span></code></a> function provides a way to control the encoding of query parts if needed. (Contributed by Samwyse and Arnon Yaari in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13866">bpo-13866</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/urllib.request.html#urllib.request.urlopen" title="urllib.request.urlopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">request.urlopen()</span></code></a> function accepts an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> object as a <em>context</em> argument, which will be used for the HTTPS connection. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22366">bpo-22366</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urljoin" title="urllib.parse.urljoin"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parse.urljoin()</span></code></a> was updated to use the <span class="target" id="index-44"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986.html"><strong>RFC 3986</strong></a> semantics for the resolution of relative URLs, rather than <span class="target" id="index-45"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1808.html"><strong>RFC 1808</strong></a> and <span class="target" id="index-46"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396.html"><strong>RFC 2396</strong></a>. (Contributed by Demian Brecht and Senthil Kumaran in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22118">bpo-22118</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="wsgiref"> <h3>wsgiref<a class="headerlink" href="#wsgiref" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <em>headers</em> argument of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/wsgiref.html#wsgiref.headers.Headers" title="wsgiref.headers.Headers"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">headers.Headers</span></code></a> class constructor is now optional. (Contributed by Pablo Torres Navarrete and SilentGhost in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue5800">bpo-5800</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="xmlrpc"> <h3>xmlrpc<a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpc" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xmlrpc.client.html#xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy" title="xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">client.ServerProxy</span></code></a> class now supports the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><span class="xref std std-term">context manager</span></a> protocol. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20627">bpo-20627</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xmlrpc.client.html#xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy" title="xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">client.ServerProxy</span></code></a> constructor now accepts an optional <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext" title="ssl.SSLContext"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLContext</span></code></a> instance. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22960">bpo-22960</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="xml-sax"> <h3>xml.sax<a class="headerlink" href="#xml-sax" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>SAX parsers now support a character stream of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/xml.sax.reader.html#xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource" title="xml.sax.xmlreader.InputSource"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlreader.InputSource</span></code></a> object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue2175">bpo-2175</a>.)</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/xml.sax.html#xml.sax.parseString" title="xml.sax.parseString"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parseString()</span></code></a> now accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> instance. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue10590">bpo-10590</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="zipfile"> <h3>zipfile<a class="headerlink" href="#zipfile" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>ZIP output can now be written to unseekable streams. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23252">bpo-23252</a>.)</p> <p>The <em>mode</em> argument of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/zipfile.html#zipfile.ZipFile.open" title="zipfile.ZipFile.open"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ZipFile.open()</span></code></a> method now accepts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x"</span></code> to request exclusive creation. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21717">bpo-21717</a>.)</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="other-module-level-changes"> <h2>Other module-level changes<a class="headerlink" href="#other-module-level-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Many functions in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/mmap.html#module-mmap" title="mmap: Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ossaudiodev.html#module-ossaudiodev" title="ossaudiodev: Access to OSS-compatible audio devices. (Linux, FreeBSD)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codecs.html#module-codecs" title="codecs: Encode and decode data and streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code></a> modules now accept writable <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a>. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23001">bpo-23001</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="optimizations"> <h2>Optimizations<a class="headerlink" href="#optimizations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.walk" title="os.walk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.walk()</span></code></a> function has been sped up by 3 to 5 times on POSIX systems, and by 7 to 20 times on Windows. This was done using the new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.scandir" title="os.scandir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.scandir()</span></code></a> function, which exposes file information from the underlying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readdir</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FindFirstFile</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FindNextFile</span></code> system calls. (Contributed by Ben Hoyt with help from Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23605">bpo-23605</a>.)</p> <p>Construction of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes(int)</span></code> (filled by zero bytes) is faster and uses less memory for large objects. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calloc()</span></code> is used instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> to allocate memory for these objects. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21233">bpo-21233</a>.)</p> <p>Some operations on <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#module-ipaddress" title="ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network" title="ipaddress.IPv4Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv4Network</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv6Network" title="ipaddress.IPv6Network"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IPv6Network</span></code></a> have been massively sped up, such as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network.subnets" title="ipaddress.IPv4Network.subnets"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subnets()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network.supernet" title="ipaddress.IPv4Network.supernet"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">supernet()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.summarize_address_range" title="ipaddress.summarize_address_range"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">summarize_address_range()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.collapse_addresses" title="ipaddress.collapse_addresses"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collapse_addresses()</span></code></a>. The speed up can range from 3 to 15 times. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou, Michel Albert, and Markus in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21486">bpo-21486</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21487">bpo-21487</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20826">bpo-20826</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23266">bpo-23266</a>.)</p> <p>Pickling of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ipaddress.html#module-ipaddress" title="ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code></a> objects was optimized to produce significantly smaller output. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23133">bpo-23133</a>.)</p> <p>Many operations on <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.BytesIO" title="io.BytesIO"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.BytesIO</span></code></a> are now 50% to 100% faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15381">bpo-15381</a> and David Wilson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22003">bpo-22003</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/marshal.html#marshal.dumps" title="marshal.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps()</span></code></a> function is now faster: 65–85% with versions 3 and 4, 20–25% with versions 0 to 2 on typical data, and up to 5 times in best cases. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20416">bpo-20416</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23344">bpo-23344</a>.)</p> <p>The UTF-32 encoder is now 3 to 7 times faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15027">bpo-15027</a>.)</p> <p>Regular expressions are now parsed up to 10% faster. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19380">bpo-19380</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/json.html#json.dumps" title="json.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json.dumps()</span></code></a> function was optimized to run with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_ascii=False</span></code> as fast as with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_ascii=True</span></code>. (Contributed by Naoki Inada in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23206">bpo-23206</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_IsInstance" title="PyObject_IsInstance"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_IsInstance()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/object.html#c.PyObject_IsSubclass" title="PyObject_IsSubclass"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_IsSubclass()</span></code></a> functions have been sped up in the common case that the second argument has <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></a> as its metaclass. (Contributed Georg Brandl by in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22540">bpo-22540</a>.)</p> <p>Method caching was slightly improved, yielding up to 5% performance improvement in some benchmarks. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22847">bpo-22847</a>.)</p> <p>Objects from the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/random.html#module-random" title="random: Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code></a> module now use 50% less memory on 64-bit builds. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23488">bpo-23488</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#property" title="property"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">property()</span></code></a> getter calls are up to 25% faster. (Contributed by Joe Jevnik in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23910">bpo-23910</a>.)</p> <p>Instantiation of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/fractions.html#fractions.Fraction" title="fractions.Fraction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions.Fraction</span></code></a> is now up to 30% faster. (Contributed by Stefan Behnel in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22464">bpo-22464</a>.)</p> <p>String methods <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.find" title="str.find"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">find()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.rfind" title="str.rfind"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rfind()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.split" title="str.split"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.partition" title="str.partition"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">partition()</span></code></a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#in"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">in</span></code></a> string operator are now significantly faster for searching 1-character substrings. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23573">bpo-23573</a>.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="build-and-c-api-changes"> <h2>Build and C API Changes<a class="headerlink" href="#build-and-c-api-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calloc</span></code> functions were added:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/memory.html#c.PyMem_RawCalloc" title="PyMem_RawCalloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawCalloc()</span></code></a>,</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/memory.html#c.PyMem_Calloc" title="PyMem_Calloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Calloc()</span></code></a>,</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/memory.html#c.PyObject_Calloc" title="PyObject_Calloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Calloc()</span></code></a>.</li> </ul> <p>(Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21233">bpo-21233</a>.)</p> <p>New encoding/decoding helper functions:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sys.html#c.Py_DecodeLocale" title="Py_DecodeLocale"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DecodeLocale()</span></code></a> (replaced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Py_char2wchar()</span></code>),</li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/sys.html#c.Py_EncodeLocale" title="Py_EncodeLocale"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EncodeLocale()</span></code></a> (replaced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Py_wchar2char()</span></code>).</li> </ul> <p>(Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18395">bpo-18395</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/codec.html#c.PyCodec_NameReplaceErrors" title="PyCodec_NameReplaceErrors"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCodec_NameReplaceErrors()</span></code></a> function to replace the unicode encode error with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\N{...}</span></code> escapes. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19676">bpo-19676</a>.)</p> <p>A new <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_FormatV" title="PyErr_FormatV"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyErr_FormatV()</span></code></a> function similar to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Format" title="PyErr_Format"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyErr_Format()</span></code></a>, but accepts a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">va_list</span></code> argument. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue18711">bpo-18711</a>.)</p> <p>A new <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyExc_RecursionError</span></code> exception. (Contributed by Georg Brandl in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19235">bpo-19235</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" title="PyModule_FromDefAndSpec"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#c.PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2" title="PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/module.html#c.PyModule_ExecDef" title="PyModule_ExecDef"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyModule_ExecDef()</span></code></a> functions introduced by <span class="target" id="index-47"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0489"><strong>PEP 489</strong></a> – multi-phase extension module initialization. (Contributed by Petr Viktorin in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24268">bpo-24268</a>.)</p> <p>New <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/number.html#c.PyNumber_MatrixMultiply" title="PyNumber_MatrixMultiply"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_MatrixMultiply()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply" title="PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply()</span></code></a> functions to perform matrix multiplication. (Contributed by Benjamin Peterson in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21176">bpo-21176</a>. See also <span class="target" id="index-48"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465"><strong>PEP 465</strong></a> for details.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_finalize" title="PyTypeObject.tp_finalize"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_finalize</span></code></a> slot is now part of the stable ABI.</p> <p>Windows builds now require Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0, which is available as part of <a class="reference external" href="https://www.visualstudio.com/">Visual Studio 2015</a>.</p> <p>Extension modules now include a platform information tag in their filename on some platforms (the tag is optional, and CPython will import extensions without it, although if the tag is present and mismatched, the extension won’t be loaded):</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>On Linux, extension module filenames end with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.cpython-<major><minor>m-<architecture>-<os>.pyd</span></code>:<ul> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><major></span></code> is the major number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code>.</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><minor></span></code> is the minor number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5</span></code>.</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><architecture></span></code> is the hardware architecture the extension module was built to run on. It’s most commonly either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i386</span></code> for 32-bit Intel platforms or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x86_64</span></code> for 64-bit Intel (and AMD) platforms.</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><os></span></code> is always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linux-gnu</span></code>, except for extensions built to talk to the 32-bit ABI on 64-bit platforms, in which case it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linux-gnu32</span></code> (and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><architecture></span></code> will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x86_64</span></code>).</li> </ul> </li> <li>On Windows, extension module filenames end with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><debug>.cp<major><minor>-<platform>.pyd</span></code>:<ul> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><major></span></code> is the major number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code>.</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><minor></span></code> is the minor number of the Python version; for Python 3.5 this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5</span></code>.</li> <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><platform></span></code> is the platform the extension module was built for, either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win32</span></code> for Win32, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win_amd64</span></code> for Win64, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win_ia64</span></code> for Windows Itanium 64, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">win_arm</span></code> for Windows on ARM.</li> <li>If built in debug mode, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><debug></span></code> will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_d</span></code>, otherwise it will be blank.</li> </ul> </li> <li>On OS X platforms, extension module filenames now end with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-darwin.so</span></code>.</li> <li>On all other platforms, extension module filenames are the same as they were with Python 3.4.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="deprecated"> <h2>Deprecated<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="new-keywords"> <h3>New Keywords<a class="headerlink" href="#new-keywords" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">async</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">await</span></code> are not recommended to be used as variable, class, function or module names. Introduced by <span class="target" id="index-49"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492"><strong>PEP 492</strong></a> in Python 3.5, they will become proper keywords in Python 3.7.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="deprecated-python-behavior"> <h3>Deprecated Python Behavior<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-python-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Raising the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#StopIteration" title="StopIteration"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StopIteration</span></code></a> exception inside a generator will now generate a silent <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#PendingDeprecationWarning" title="PendingDeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PendingDeprecationWarning</span></code></a>, which will become a non-silent deprecation warning in Python 3.6 and will trigger a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> in Python 3.7. See <a class="reference internal" href="#whatsnew-pep-479"><span class="std std-ref">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</span></a> for details.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="unsupported-operating-systems"> <h3>Unsupported Operating Systems<a class="headerlink" href="#unsupported-operating-systems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Windows XP is no longer supported by Microsoft, thus, per <span class="target" id="index-50"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0011"><strong>PEP 11</strong></a>, CPython 3.5 is no longer officially supported on this OS.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods"> <h3>Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/formatter.html#module-formatter" title="formatter: Generic output formatter and device interface. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code></a> module has now graduated to full deprecation and is still slated for removal in Python 3.6.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.async" title="asyncio.async"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio.async()</span></code></a> function is deprecated in favor of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.ensure_future" title="asyncio.ensure_future"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensure_future()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#module-smtpd" title="smtpd: A SMTP server implementation in Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code></a> module has in the past always decoded the DATA portion of email messages using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utf-8</span></code> codec. This can now be controlled by the new <em>decode_data</em> keyword to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtpd.html#smtpd.SMTPServer" title="smtpd.SMTPServer"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SMTPServer</span></code></a>. The default value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, but this default is deprecated. Specify the <em>decode_data</em> keyword with an appropriate value to avoid the deprecation warning.</p> <p>Directly assigning values to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.key" title="http.cookies.Morsel.key"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.value" title="http.cookies.Morsel.value"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.coded_value" title="http.cookies.Morsel.coded_value"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">coded_value</span></code></a> of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel" title="http.cookies.Morsel"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies.Morsel</span></code></a> objects is deprecated. Use the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.set" title="http.cookies.Morsel.set"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code></a> method instead. In addition, the undocumented <em>LegalChars</em> parameter of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.set" title="http.cookies.Morsel.set"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code></a> is deprecated, and is now ignored.</p> <p>Passing a format string as keyword argument <em>format_string</em> to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/string.html#string.Formatter.format" title="string.Formatter.format"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format()</span></code></a> method of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/string.html#string.Formatter" title="string.Formatter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string.Formatter</span></code></a> class has been deprecated. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23671">bpo-23671</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/platform.html#platform.dist" title="platform.dist"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform.dist()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/platform.html#platform.linux_distribution" title="platform.linux_distribution"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform.linux_distribution()</span></code></a> functions are now deprecated. Linux distributions use too many different ways of describing themselves, so the functionality is left to a package. (Contributed by Vajrasky Kok and Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue1322">bpo-1322</a>.)</p> <p>The previously undocumented <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from_function</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from_builtin</span></code> methods of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Signature" title="inspect.Signature"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect.Signature</span></code></a> are deprecated. Use the new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.Signature.from_callable" title="inspect.Signature.from_callable"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Signature.from_callable()</span></code></a> method instead. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24248">bpo-24248</a>.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getargspec" title="inspect.getargspec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect.getargspec()</span></code></a> function is deprecated and scheduled to be removed in Python 3.6. (See <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20438">bpo-20438</a> for details.)</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#module-inspect" title="inspect: Extract information and source code from live objects."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getfullargspec" title="inspect.getfullargspec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getfullargspec()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getcallargs" title="inspect.getcallargs"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getcallargs()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.formatargspec" title="inspect.formatargspec"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatargspec()</span></code></a> functions are deprecated in favor of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.signature" title="inspect.signature"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect.signature()</span></code></a> API. (Contributed by Yury Selivanov in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20438">bpo-20438</a>.)</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getargvalues" title="inspect.getargvalues"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getargvalues()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.formatargvalues" title="inspect.formatargvalues"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatargvalues()</span></code></a> functions were inadvertently marked as deprecated with the release of Python 3.5.0.</p> <p>Use of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.LOCALE" title="re.LOCALE"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.LOCALE</span></code></a> flag with str patterns or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.ASCII" title="re.ASCII"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.ASCII</span></code></a> is now deprecated. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22407">bpo-22407</a>.)</p> <p>Use of unrecognized special sequences consisting of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\'</span></code> and an ASCII letter in regular expression patterns and replacement patterns now raises a deprecation warning and will be forbidden in Python 3.6. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23622">bpo-23622</a>.)</p> <p>The undocumented and unofficial <em>use_load_tests</em> default argument of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/unittest.html#unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule" title="unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest.TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule()</span></code></a> method now is deprecated and ignored. (Contributed by Robert Collins and Barry A. Warsaw in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16662">bpo-16662</a>.)</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="removed"> <h2>Removed<a class="headerlink" href="#removed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="api-and-feature-removals"> <h3>API and Feature Removals<a class="headerlink" href="#api-and-feature-removals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The following obsolete and previously deprecated APIs and features have been removed:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__version__</span></code> attribute has been dropped from the email package. The email code hasn’t been shipped separately from the stdlib for a long time, and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__version__</span></code> string was not updated in the last few releases.</li> <li>The internal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Netrc</span></code> class in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ftplib.html#module-ftplib" title="ftplib: FTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code></a> module was deprecated in 3.4, and has now been removed. (Contributed by Matt Chaput in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue6623">bpo-6623</a>.)</li> <li>The concept of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files has been removed.</li> <li>The JoinableQueue class in the provisional <a class="reference internal" href="../library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio" title="asyncio: Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncio</span></code></a> module was deprecated in 3.4.4 and is now removed. (Contributed by A. Jesse Jiryu Davis in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23464">bpo-23464</a>.)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="porting-to-python-3-5"> <h2>Porting to Python 3.5<a class="headerlink" href="#porting-to-python-3-5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.</p> <div class="section" id="changes-in-python-behavior"> <h3>Changes in Python behavior<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-in-python-behavior" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <ul> <li><p class="first">Due to an oversight, earlier Python versions erroneously accepted the following syntax:</p> <div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Python 3.5 now correctly raises a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a>, as generator expressions must be put in parentheses if not a sole argument to a function.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="changes-in-the-python-api"> <h3>Changes in the Python API<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-in-the-python-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <ul class="simple"> <li><span class="target" id="index-51"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0475"><strong>PEP 475</strong></a>: System calls are now retried when interrupted by a signal instead of raising <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#InterruptedError" title="InterruptedError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InterruptedError</span></code></a> if the Python signal handler does not raise an exception.</li> <li>Before Python 3.5, a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/datetime.html#datetime.time" title="datetime.time"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime.time</span></code></a> object was considered to be false if it represented midnight in UTC. This behavior was considered obscure and error-prone and has been removed in Python 3.5. See <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue13936">bpo-13936</a> for full details.</li> <li>The <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLSocket.send()</span></code> method now raises either <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLWantReadError" title="ssl.SSLWantReadError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLWantReadError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLWantWriteError" title="ssl.SSLWantWriteError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.SSLWantWriteError</span></code></a> on a non-blocking socket if the operation would block. Previously, it would return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. (Contributed by Nikolaus Rath in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20951">bpo-20951</a>.)</li> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__name__</span></code> attribute of generators is now set from the function name, instead of being set from the code name. Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gen.gi_code.co_name</span></code> to retrieve the code name. Generators also have a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__qualname__</span></code> attribute, the qualified name, which is now used for the representation of a generator (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr(gen)</span></code>). (Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21205">bpo-21205</a>.)</li> <li>The deprecated “strict” mode and argument of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/html.parser.html#html.parser.HTMLParser" title="html.parser.HTMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code></a>, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser.error()</span></code>, and the <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParserError</span></code> exception have been removed. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15114">bpo-15114</a>.) The <em>convert_charrefs</em> argument of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/html.parser.html#html.parser.HTMLParser" title="html.parser.HTMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code></a> is now <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> by default. (Contributed by Berker Peksag in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21047">bpo-21047</a>.)</li> <li>Although it is not formally part of the API, it is worth noting for porting purposes (ie: fixing tests) that error messages that were previously of the form “‘sometype’ does not support the buffer protocol” are now of the form “a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a> is required, not ‘sometype’”. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue16518">bpo-16518</a>.)</li> <li>If the current directory is set to a directory that no longer exists then <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#FileNotFoundError" title="FileNotFoundError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FileNotFoundError</span></code></a> will no longer be raised and instead <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.machinery.FileFinder.find_spec" title="importlib.machinery.FileFinder.find_spec"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">find_spec()</span></code></a> will return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> <strong>without</strong> caching <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_importer_cache</span></code></a>, which is different than the typical case (<a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22834">bpo-22834</a>).</li> <li>HTTP status code and messages from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.client.html#module-http.client" title="http.client: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.server.html#module-http.server" title="http.server: HTTP server and request handlers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code></a> were refactored into a common <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.html#http.HTTPStatus" title="http.HTTPStatus"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTTPStatus</span></code></a> enum. The values in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.client.html#module-http.client" title="http.client: HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.server.html#module-http.server" title="http.server: HTTP server and request handlers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code></a> remain available for backwards compatibility. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue21793">bpo-21793</a>.)</li> <li>When an import loader defines <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.machinery.Loader.exec_module()</span></code> it is now expected to also define <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_module()</span></code> (raises a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#DeprecationWarning" title="DeprecationWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DeprecationWarning</span></code></a> now, will be an error in Python 3.6). If the loader inherits from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.abc.Loader" title="importlib.abc.Loader"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.abc.Loader</span></code></a> then there is nothing to do, else simply define <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_module()</span></code> to return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>. (Contributed by Brett Cannon in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23014">bpo-23014</a>.)</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.split" title="re.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.split()</span></code></a> function always ignored empty pattern matches, so the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x*"</span></code> pattern worked the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x+"</span></code>, and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"\b"</span></code> pattern never worked. Now <a class="reference internal" href="../library/re.html#re.split" title="re.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re.split()</span></code></a> raises a warning if the pattern could match an empty string. For compatibility, use patterns that never match an empty string (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x+"</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"x*"</span></code>). Patterns that could only match an empty string (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"\b"</span></code>) now raise an error. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22818">bpo-22818</a>.)</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel" title="http.cookies.Morsel"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies.Morsel</span></code></a> dict-like interface has been made self consistent: morsel comparison now takes the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.key" title="http.cookies.Morsel.key"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">key</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.value" title="http.cookies.Morsel.value"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code></a> into account, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.copy" title="http.cookies.Morsel.copy"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy()</span></code></a> now results in a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel" title="http.cookies.Morsel"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Morsel</span></code></a> instance rather than a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#dict" title="dict"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.update" title="http.cookies.Morsel.update"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a> will now raise an exception if any of the keys in the update dictionary are invalid. In addition, the undocumented <em>LegalChars</em> parameter of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel.set" title="http.cookies.Morsel.set"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set()</span></code></a> is deprecated and is now ignored. (Contributed by Demian Brecht in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue2211">bpo-2211</a>.)</li> <li><span class="target" id="index-52"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488"><strong>PEP 488</strong></a> has removed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyo</span></code> files from Python and introduced the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">opt-</span></code> tag in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyc</span></code> file names. The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/importlib.html#importlib.util.cache_from_source" title="importlib.util.cache_from_source"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib.util.cache_from_source()</span></code></a> has gained an <em>optimization</em> parameter to help control the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">opt-</span></code> tag. Because of this, the <em>debug_override</em> parameter of the function is now deprecated. <cite>.pyo</cite> files are also no longer supported as a file argument to the Python interpreter and thus serve no purpose when distributed on their own (i.e. sourceless code distribution). Due to the fact that the magic number for bytecode has changed in Python 3.5, all old <cite>.pyo</cite> files from previous versions of Python are invalid regardless of this PEP.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a> module now exports the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/socket.html#socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES" title="socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES</span></code></a> constant on linux 3.6 and greater.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/ssl.html#ssl.cert_time_to_seconds" title="ssl.cert_time_to_seconds"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl.cert_time_to_seconds()</span></code></a> function now interprets the input time as UTC and not as local time, per <span class="target" id="index-53"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280.html"><strong>RFC 5280</strong></a>. Additionally, the return value is always an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#int" title="int"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Akira Li in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue19940">bpo-19940</a>.)</li> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pygettext.py</span></code> Tool now uses the standard +NNNN format for timezones in the POT-Creation-Date header.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> module now uses <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code></a> instead of the previous module-level <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stderr</span></code> variable for debug output. If your (test) program depends on patching the module-level variable to capture the debug output, you will need to update it to capture sys.stderr instead.</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.startswith" title="str.startswith"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.startswith()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str.endswith" title="str.endswith"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str.endswith()</span></code></a> methods no longer return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> when finding the empty string and the indexes are completely out of range. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue24284">bpo-24284</a>.)</li> <li>The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/inspect.html#inspect.getdoc" title="inspect.getdoc"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect.getdoc()</span></code></a> function now returns documentation strings inherited from base classes. Documentation strings no longer need to be duplicated if the inherited documentation is appropriate. To suppress an inherited string, an empty string must be specified (or the documentation may be filled in). This change affects the output of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a> module and the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#help" title="help"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help()</span></code></a> function. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue15582">bpo-15582</a>.)</li> <li>Nested <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functools.html#functools.partial" title="functools.partial"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.partial()</span></code></a> calls are now flattened. If you were relying on the previous behavior, you can now either add an attribute to a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functools.html#functools.partial" title="functools.partial"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.partial()</span></code></a> object or you can create a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functools.html#functools.partial" title="functools.partial"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools.partial()</span></code></a>. (Contributed by Alexander Belopolsky in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue7830">bpo-7830</a>.)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section" id="changes-in-the-c-api"> <h3>Changes in the C API<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-in-the-c-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <ul class="simple"> <li>The undocumented <code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format</span></code> member of the (non-public) <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemoryViewObject</span></code> structure has been removed. All extensions relying on the relevant parts in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memoryobject.h</span></code> must be rebuilt.</li> <li>The <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemAllocator</span></code> structure was renamed to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/memory.html#c.PyMemAllocatorEx" title="PyMemAllocatorEx"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemAllocatorEx</span></code></a> and a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calloc</span></code> field was added.</li> <li>Removed non-documented macro <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_REPR</span></code> which leaked references. Use format character <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%R</span></code> in <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/unicode.html#c.PyUnicode_FromFormat" title="PyUnicode_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromFormat()</span></code></a>-like functions to format the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> of the object. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue22453">bpo-22453</a>.)</li> <li>Because the lack of the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__module__</span></code> attribute breaks pickling and introspection, a deprecation warning is now raised for builtin types without the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__module__</span></code> attribute. This would be an AttributeError in the future. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue20204">bpo-20204</a>.)</li> <li>As part of the <span class="target" id="index-54"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492"><strong>PEP 492</strong></a> implementation, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_reserved</span></code> slot of <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> was replaced with a <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/typeobj.html#c.tp_as_async" title="tp_as_async"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_as_async</span></code></a> slot. Refer to <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/coro.html#coro-objects"><span class="std std-ref">Coroutine Objects</span></a> for new types, structures and functions.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4"> <h2>Notable changes in Python 3.5.4<a class="headerlink" href="#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="section" id="new-make-regen-all-build-target"> <h3>New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target<a class="headerlink" href="#new-make-regen-all-build-target" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>To simplify cross-compilation, and to ensure that CPython can reliably be compiled without requiring an existing version of Python to already be available, the autotools-based build system no longer attempts to implicitly recompile generated files based on file modification times.</p> <p>Instead, a new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> command has been added to force regeneration of these files when desired (e.g. after an initial version of Python has already been built based on the pregenerated versions).</p> <p>More selective regeneration targets are also defined - see <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.6/Makefile.pre.in">Makefile.pre.in</a> for details.</p> <p>(Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23404">bpo-23404</a>.)</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.5.4.</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="removal-of-make-touch-build-target"> <h3>Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target<a class="headerlink" href="#removal-of-make-touch-build-target" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target previously used to request implicit regeneration of generated files by updating their modification times has been removed.</p> <p>It has been replaced by the new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> target.</p> <p>(Contributed by Victor Stinner in <a class="reference external" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue23404">bpo-23404</a>.)</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.5.4.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#typing">typing</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp">zipapp</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#bz2">bz2</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#cgi">cgi</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#cmath">cmath</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#code">code</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#collections">collections</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#csv">csv</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#curses">curses</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#difflib">difflib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#email">email</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#enum">enum</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#functools">functools</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#glob">glob</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#heapq">heapq</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#http">http</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#imghdr">imghdr</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#io">io</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#json">json</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#linecache">linecache</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#locale">locale</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#logging">logging</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#lzma">lzma</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#math">math</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#operator">operator</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#os">os</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#re">re</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#readline">readline</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#selectors">selectors</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#signal">signal</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket">socket</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#ssl">ssl</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sys">sys</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#threading">threading</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#time">time</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#timeit">timeit</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#types">types</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">regen-all</span></code> build target</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">touch</span></code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="3.6.html" title="previous chapter">What’s New In Python 3.6</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="3.4.html" title="next chapter">What’s New In Python 3.4</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Doc/whatsnew/3.5.rst" rel="nofollow">Show Source </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="3.4.html" title="What’s New In Python 3.4" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="3.6.html" title="What’s New In Python 3.6" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >What’s New in Python</a> »</li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2021, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Aug 25, 2021. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>