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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Python Module Index — Python 3.6.7 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="./" src="_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 3.6.7 documentation" href="_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="copyright.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/py-modindex.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="_static/copybutton.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX = true; </script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="#" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li><img src="_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="index.html">3.6.7 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script> | </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <h1>Python Module Index</h1> <div class="modindex-jumpbox"> <a href="#cap-_"><strong>_</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-a"><strong>a</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-b"><strong>b</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-c"><strong>c</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-d"><strong>d</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-e"><strong>e</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-f"><strong>f</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-g"><strong>g</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-h"><strong>h</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-i"><strong>i</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-j"><strong>j</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-k"><strong>k</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-l"><strong>l</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-m"><strong>m</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-n"><strong>n</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-o"><strong>o</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-p"><strong>p</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-q"><strong>q</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-r"><strong>r</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-s"><strong>s</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-t"><strong>t</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-u"><strong>u</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-v"><strong>v</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-w"><strong>w</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-x"><strong>x</strong></a> | <a href="#cap-z"><strong>z</strong></a> </div> <table class="indextable modindextable"> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-_"><td></td><td> <strong>_</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/__future__.html#module-__future__"><code class="xref">__future__</code></a></td><td> <em>Future statement definitions</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/__main__.html#module-__main__"><code class="xref">__main__</code></a></td><td> <em>The environment where the top-level script is run.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/_dummy_thread.html#module-_dummy_thread"><code class="xref">_dummy_thread</code></a></td><td> <em>Drop-in replacement for the _thread module.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/_thread.html#module-_thread"><code class="xref">_thread</code></a></td><td> <em>Low-level threading API.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-a"><td></td><td> <strong>a</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/abc.html#module-abc"><code class="xref">abc</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/aifc.html#module-aifc"><code class="xref">aifc</code></a></td><td> <em>Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/argparse.html#module-argparse"><code class="xref">argparse</code></a></td><td> <em>Command-line option and argument parsing library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/array.html#module-array"><code class="xref">array</code></a></td><td> <em>Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ast.html#module-ast"><code class="xref">ast</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asynchat.html#module-asynchat"><code class="xref">asynchat</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio"><code class="xref">asyncio</code></a></td><td> <em>Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/asyncore.html#module-asyncore"><code class="xref">asyncore</code></a></td><td> <em>A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/atexit.html#module-atexit"><code class="xref">atexit</code></a></td><td> <em>Register and execute cleanup functions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/audioop.html#module-audioop"><code class="xref">audioop</code></a></td><td> <em>Manipulate raw audio data.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-b"><td></td><td> <strong>b</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/base64.html#module-base64"><code class="xref">base64</code></a></td><td> <em>RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bdb.html#module-bdb"><code class="xref">bdb</code></a></td><td> <em>Debugger framework.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/binascii.html#module-binascii"><code class="xref">binascii</code></a></td><td> <em>Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/binhex.html#module-binhex"><code class="xref">binhex</code></a></td><td> <em>Encode and decode files in binhex4 format.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bisect.html#module-bisect"><code class="xref">bisect</code></a></td><td> <em>Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/builtins.html#module-builtins"><code class="xref">builtins</code></a></td><td> <em>The module that provides the built-in namespace.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/bz2.html#module-bz2"><code class="xref">bz2</code></a></td><td> <em>Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-c"><td></td><td> <strong>c</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/calendar.html#module-calendar"><code class="xref">calendar</code></a></td><td> <em>Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cgi.html#module-cgi"><code class="xref">cgi</code></a></td><td> <em>Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cgitb.html#module-cgitb"><code class="xref">cgitb</code></a></td><td> <em>Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/chunk.html#module-chunk"><code class="xref">chunk</code></a></td><td> <em>Module to read IFF chunks.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cmath.html#module-cmath"><code class="xref">cmath</code></a></td><td> <em>Mathematical functions for complex numbers.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/cmd.html#module-cmd"><code class="xref">cmd</code></a></td><td> <em>Build line-oriented command interpreters.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/code.html#module-code"><code class="xref">code</code></a></td><td> <em>Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/codecs.html#module-codecs"><code class="xref">codecs</code></a></td><td> <em>Encode and decode data and streams.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/codeop.html#module-codeop"><code class="xref">codeop</code></a></td><td> <em>Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-1" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/collections.html#module-collections"><code class="xref">collections</code></a></td><td> <em>Container datatypes</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-1"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/collections.abc.html#module-collections.abc"><code class="xref">collections.abc</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract base classes for containers</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/colorsys.html#module-colorsys"><code class="xref">colorsys</code></a></td><td> <em>Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/compileall.html#module-compileall"><code class="xref">compileall</code></a></td><td> <em>Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-2" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <code class="xref">concurrent</code></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-2"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/concurrent.futures.html#module-concurrent.futures"><code class="xref">concurrent.futures</code></a></td><td> <em>Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/configparser.html#module-configparser"><code class="xref">configparser</code></a></td><td> <em>Configuration file parser.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/contextlib.html#module-contextlib"><code class="xref">contextlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Utilities for with-statement contexts.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/copy.html#module-copy"><code class="xref">copy</code></a></td><td> <em>Shallow and deep copy operations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/copyreg.html#module-copyreg"><code class="xref">copyreg</code></a></td><td> <em>Register pickle support functions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-cProfile"><code class="xref">cProfile</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/crypt.html#module-crypt"><code class="xref">crypt</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/csv.html#module-csv"><code class="xref">csv</code></a></td><td> <em>Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ctypes.html#module-ctypes"><code class="xref">ctypes</code></a></td><td> <em>A foreign function library for Python.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-3" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/curses.html#module-curses"><code class="xref">curses</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.ascii.html#module-curses.ascii"><code class="xref">curses.ascii</code></a></td><td> <em>Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.panel.html#module-curses.panel"><code class="xref">curses.panel</code></a></td><td> <em>A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-3"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref">curses.textpad</code></a></td><td> <em>Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-d"><td></td><td> <strong>d</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/datetime.html#module-datetime"><code class="xref">datetime</code></a></td><td> <em>Basic date and time types.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-4" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm"><code class="xref">dbm</code></a></td><td> <em>Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.dumb"><code class="xref">dbm.dumb</code></a></td><td> <em>Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.gnu"><code class="xref">dbm.gnu</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-4"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/dbm.html#module-dbm.ndbm"><code class="xref">dbm.ndbm</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The standard "database" interface, based on ndbm.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/decimal.html#module-decimal"><code class="xref">decimal</code></a></td><td> <em>Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/difflib.html#module-difflib"><code class="xref">difflib</code></a></td><td> <em>Helpers for computing differences between objects.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/dis.html#module-dis"><code class="xref">dis</code></a></td><td> <em>Disassembler for Python bytecode.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-5" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/distutils.html#module-distutils"><code class="xref">distutils</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.archive_util"><code class="xref">distutils.archive_util</code></a></td><td> <em>Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files, ...)</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.bcppcompiler"><code class="xref">distutils.bcppcompiler</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.ccompiler"><code class="xref">distutils.ccompiler</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract CCompiler class</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.cmd"><code class="xref">distutils.cmd</code></a></td><td> <em>This module provides the abstract base class Command. This class is subclassed by the modules in the distutils.command subpackage.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command"><code class="xref">distutils.command</code></a></td><td> <em>This subpackage contains one module for each standard Distutils command.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a binary installer for a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_dumb"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist_dumb</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a "dumb" installer - a simple archive of files</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_msi"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist_msi</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a binary distribution as a Windows MSI file</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_packager"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist_packager</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract base class for packagers</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_rpm"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist_rpm</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.bdist_wininst"><code class="xref">distutils.command.bdist_wininst</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a Windows installer</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build"><code class="xref">distutils.command.build</code></a></td><td> <em>Build all files of a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_clib"><code class="xref">distutils.command.build_clib</code></a></td><td> <em>Build any C libraries in a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_ext"><code class="xref">distutils.command.build_ext</code></a></td><td> <em>Build any extensions in a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_py"><code class="xref">distutils.command.build_py</code></a></td><td> <em>Build the .py/.pyc files of a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.build_scripts"><code class="xref">distutils.command.build_scripts</code></a></td><td> <em>Build the scripts of a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.check"><code class="xref">distutils.command.check</code></a></td><td> <em>Check the metadata of a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.clean"><code class="xref">distutils.command.clean</code></a></td><td> <em>Clean a package build area</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.config"><code class="xref">distutils.command.config</code></a></td><td> <em>Perform package configuration</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install"><code class="xref">distutils.command.install</code></a></td><td> <em>Install a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_data"><code class="xref">distutils.command.install_data</code></a></td><td> <em>Install data files from a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_headers"><code class="xref">distutils.command.install_headers</code></a></td><td> <em>Install C/C++ header files from a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_lib"><code class="xref">distutils.command.install_lib</code></a></td><td> <em>Install library files from a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.install_scripts"><code class="xref">distutils.command.install_scripts</code></a></td><td> <em>Install script files from a package</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.register"><code class="xref">distutils.command.register</code></a></td><td> <em>Register a module with the Python Package Index</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.command.sdist"><code class="xref">distutils.command.sdist</code></a></td><td> <em>Build a source distribution</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.core"><code class="xref">distutils.core</code></a></td><td> <em>The core Distutils functionality</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.cygwinccompiler"><code class="xref">distutils.cygwinccompiler</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.debug"><code class="xref">distutils.debug</code></a></td><td> <em>Provides the debug flag for distutils</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dep_util"><code class="xref">distutils.dep_util</code></a></td><td> <em>Utility functions for simple dependency checking</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dir_util"><code class="xref">distutils.dir_util</code></a></td><td> <em>Utility functions for operating on directories and directory trees</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.dist"><code class="xref">distutils.dist</code></a></td><td> <em>Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution being built/installed/distributed</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.errors"><code class="xref">distutils.errors</code></a></td><td> <em>Provides standard distutils exceptions</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.extension"><code class="xref">distutils.extension</code></a></td><td> <em>Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension modules in setup scripts</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.fancy_getopt"><code class="xref">distutils.fancy_getopt</code></a></td><td> <em>Additional getopt functionality</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.file_util"><code class="xref">distutils.file_util</code></a></td><td> <em>Utility functions for operating on single files</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.filelist"><code class="xref">distutils.filelist</code></a></td><td> <em>The FileList class, used for poking about the file system and building lists of files.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.log"><code class="xref">distutils.log</code></a></td><td> <em>A simple logging mechanism, 282-style</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.msvccompiler"><code class="xref">distutils.msvccompiler</code></a></td><td> <em>Microsoft Compiler</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.spawn"><code class="xref">distutils.spawn</code></a></td><td> <em>Provides the spawn() function</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.sysconfig"><code class="xref">distutils.sysconfig</code></a></td><td> <em>Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.text_file"><code class="xref">distutils.text_file</code></a></td><td> <em>provides the TextFile class, a simple interface to text files</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.unixccompiler"><code class="xref">distutils.unixccompiler</code></a></td><td> <em>UNIX C Compiler</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.util"><code class="xref">distutils.util</code></a></td><td> <em>Miscellaneous other utility functions</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-5"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="distutils/apiref.html#module-distutils.version"><code class="xref">distutils.version</code></a></td><td> <em>implements classes that represent module version numbers.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/doctest.html#module-doctest"><code class="xref">doctest</code></a></td><td> <em>Test pieces of code within docstrings.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/dummy_threading.html#module-dummy_threading"><code class="xref">dummy_threading</code></a></td><td> <em>Drop-in replacement for the threading module.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-e"><td></td><td> <strong>e</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-6" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/email.html#module-email"><code class="xref">email</code></a></td><td> <em>Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.charset.html#module-email.charset"><code class="xref">email.charset</code></a></td><td> <em>Character Sets</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager"><code class="xref">email.contentmanager</code></a></td><td> <em>Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.encoders.html#module-email.encoders"><code class="xref">email.encoders</code></a></td><td> <em>Encoders for email message payloads.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.errors.html#module-email.errors"><code class="xref">email.errors</code></a></td><td> <em>The exception classes used by the email package.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.generator.html#module-email.generator"><code class="xref">email.generator</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.header.html#module-email.header"><code class="xref">email.header</code></a></td><td> <em>Representing non-ASCII headers</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry"><code class="xref">email.headerregistry</code></a></td><td> <em>Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.iterators.html#module-email.iterators"><code class="xref">email.iterators</code></a></td><td> <em>Iterate over a message object tree.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.message.html#module-email.message"><code class="xref">email.message</code></a></td><td> <em>The base class representing email messages.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.mime.html#module-email.mime"><code class="xref">email.mime</code></a></td><td> <em>Build MIME messages.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.parser.html#module-email.parser"><code class="xref">email.parser</code></a></td><td> <em>Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.policy.html#module-email.policy"><code class="xref">email.policy</code></a></td><td> <em>Controlling the parsing and generating of messages</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-6"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/email.util.html#module-email.utils"><code class="xref">email.utils</code></a></td><td> <em>Miscellaneous email package utilities.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-7" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <code class="xref">encodings</code></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-7"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.idna"><code class="xref">encodings.idna</code></a></td><td> <em>Internationalized Domain Names implementation</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-7"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.mbcs"><code class="xref">encodings.mbcs</code></a></td><td> <em>Windows ANSI codepage</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-7"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/codecs.html#module-encodings.utf_8_sig"><code class="xref">encodings.utf_8_sig</code></a></td><td> <em>UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ensurepip.html#module-ensurepip"><code class="xref">ensurepip</code></a></td><td> <em>Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/enum.html#module-enum"><code class="xref">enum</code></a></td><td> <em>Implementation of an enumeration class.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/errno.html#module-errno"><code class="xref">errno</code></a></td><td> <em>Standard errno system symbols.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-f"><td></td><td> <strong>f</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/faulthandler.html#module-faulthandler"><code class="xref">faulthandler</code></a></td><td> <em>Dump the Python traceback.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fcntl.html#module-fcntl"><code class="xref">fcntl</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/filecmp.html#module-filecmp"><code class="xref">filecmp</code></a></td><td> <em>Compare files efficiently.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fileinput.html#module-fileinput"><code class="xref">fileinput</code></a></td><td> <em>Loop over standard input or a list of files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fnmatch.html#module-fnmatch"><code class="xref">fnmatch</code></a></td><td> <em>Unix shell style filename pattern matching.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/formatter.html#module-formatter"><code class="xref">formatter</code></a></td><td><strong>Deprecated:</strong> <em>Generic output formatter and device interface.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fpectl.html#module-fpectl"><code class="xref">fpectl</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>Provide control for floating point exception handling.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/fractions.html#module-fractions"><code class="xref">fractions</code></a></td><td> <em>Rational numbers.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ftplib.html#module-ftplib"><code class="xref">ftplib</code></a></td><td> <em>FTP protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/functools.html#module-functools"><code class="xref">functools</code></a></td><td> <em>Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-g"><td></td><td> <strong>g</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gc.html#module-gc"><code class="xref">gc</code></a></td><td> <em>Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/getopt.html#module-getopt"><code class="xref">getopt</code></a></td><td> <em>Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/getpass.html#module-getpass"><code class="xref">getpass</code></a></td><td> <em>Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gettext.html#module-gettext"><code class="xref">gettext</code></a></td><td> <em>Multilingual internationalization services.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/glob.html#module-glob"><code class="xref">glob</code></a></td><td> <em>Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/grp.html#module-grp"><code class="xref">grp</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The group database (getgrnam() and friends).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/gzip.html#module-gzip"><code class="xref">gzip</code></a></td><td> <em>Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-h"><td></td><td> <strong>h</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/hashlib.html#module-hashlib"><code class="xref">hashlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Secure hash and message digest algorithms.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/heapq.html#module-heapq"><code class="xref">heapq</code></a></td><td> <em>Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/hmac.html#module-hmac"><code class="xref">hmac</code></a></td><td> <em>Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-8" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/html.html#module-html"><code class="xref">html</code></a></td><td> <em>Helpers for manipulating HTML.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/html.entities.html#module-html.entities"><code class="xref">html.entities</code></a></td><td> <em>Definitions of HTML general entities.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-8"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/html.parser.html#module-html.parser"><code class="xref">html.parser</code></a></td><td> <em>A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-9" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/http.html#module-http"><code class="xref">http</code></a></td><td> <em>HTTP status codes and messages</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.client.html#module-http.client"><code class="xref">http.client</code></a></td><td> <em>HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.cookiejar.html#module-http.cookiejar"><code class="xref">http.cookiejar</code></a></td><td> <em>Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.cookies.html#module-http.cookies"><code class="xref">http.cookies</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for HTTP state management (cookies).</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-9"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/http.server.html#module-http.server"><code class="xref">http.server</code></a></td><td> <em>HTTP server and request handlers.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-i"><td></td><td> <strong>i</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imaplib.html#module-imaplib"><code class="xref">imaplib</code></a></td><td> <em>IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imghdr.html#module-imghdr"><code class="xref">imghdr</code></a></td><td> <em>Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/imp.html#module-imp"><code class="xref">imp</code></a></td><td><strong>Deprecated:</strong> <em>Access the implementation of the import statement.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-10" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib"><code class="xref">importlib</code></a></td><td> <em>The implementation of the import machinery.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-10"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.abc"><code class="xref">importlib.abc</code></a></td><td> <em>Abstract base classes related to import</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-10"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.machinery"><code class="xref">importlib.machinery</code></a></td><td> <em>Importers and path hooks</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-10"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/importlib.html#module-importlib.util"><code class="xref">importlib.util</code></a></td><td> <em>Utility code for importers</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/inspect.html#module-inspect"><code class="xref">inspect</code></a></td><td> <em>Extract information and source code from live objects.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/io.html#module-io"><code class="xref">io</code></a></td><td> <em>Core tools for working with streams.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ipaddress.html#module-ipaddress"><code class="xref">ipaddress</code></a></td><td> <em>IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/itertools.html#module-itertools"><code class="xref">itertools</code></a></td><td> <em>Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-j"><td></td><td> <strong>j</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-11" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/json.html#module-json"><code class="xref">json</code></a></td><td> <em>Encode and decode the JSON format.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-11"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/json.html#module-json.tool"><code class="xref">json.tool</code></a></td><td> <em>A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-k"><td></td><td> <strong>k</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/keyword.html#module-keyword"><code class="xref">keyword</code></a></td><td> <em>Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-l"><td></td><td> <strong>l</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3"><code class="xref">lib2to3</code></a></td><td> <em>the 2to3 library</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/linecache.html#module-linecache"><code class="xref">linecache</code></a></td><td> <em>This module provides random access to individual lines from text files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/locale.html#module-locale"><code class="xref">locale</code></a></td><td> <em>Internationalization services.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-12" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/logging.html#module-logging"><code class="xref">logging</code></a></td><td> <em>Flexible event logging system for applications.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/logging.config.html#module-logging.config"><code class="xref">logging.config</code></a></td><td> <em>Configuration of the logging module.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-12"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/logging.handlers.html#module-logging.handlers"><code class="xref">logging.handlers</code></a></td><td> <em>Handlers for the logging module.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/lzma.html#module-lzma"><code class="xref">lzma</code></a></td><td> <em>A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-m"><td></td><td> <strong>m</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/macpath.html#module-macpath"><code class="xref">macpath</code></a></td><td> <em>Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mailbox.html#module-mailbox"><code class="xref">mailbox</code></a></td><td> <em>Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mailcap.html#module-mailcap"><code class="xref">mailcap</code></a></td><td> <em>Mailcap file handling.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/marshal.html#module-marshal"><code class="xref">marshal</code></a></td><td> <em>Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/math.html#module-math"><code class="xref">math</code></a></td><td> <em>Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mimetypes.html#module-mimetypes"><code class="xref">mimetypes</code></a></td><td> <em>Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/mmap.html#module-mmap"><code class="xref">mmap</code></a></td><td> <em>Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/modulefinder.html#module-modulefinder"><code class="xref">modulefinder</code></a></td><td> <em>Find modules used by a script.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/msilib.html#module-msilib"><code class="xref">msilib</code></a> <em>(Windows)</em></td><td> <em>Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/msvcrt.html#module-msvcrt"><code class="xref">msvcrt</code></a> <em>(Windows)</em></td><td> <em>Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-13" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing"><code class="xref">multiprocessing</code></a></td><td> <em>Process-based parallelism.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.connection</code></a></td><td> <em>API for dealing with sockets.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.dummy</code></a></td><td> <em>Dumb wrapper around threading.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.managers"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.managers</code></a></td><td> <em>Share data between process with shared objects.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.pool</code></a></td><td> <em>Create pools of processes.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-13"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes"><code class="xref">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</code></a></td><td> <em>Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-n"><td></td><td> <strong>n</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/netrc.html#module-netrc"><code class="xref">netrc</code></a></td><td> <em>Loading of .netrc files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/nis.html#module-nis"><code class="xref">nis</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/nntplib.html#module-nntplib"><code class="xref">nntplib</code></a></td><td> <em>NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/numbers.html#module-numbers"><code class="xref">numbers</code></a></td><td> <em>Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-o"><td></td><td> <strong>o</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/operator.html#module-operator"><code class="xref">operator</code></a></td><td> <em>Functions corresponding to the standard operators.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/optparse.html#module-optparse"><code class="xref">optparse</code></a></td><td><strong>Deprecated:</strong> <em>Command-line option parsing library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-14" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/os.html#module-os"><code class="xref">os</code></a></td><td> <em>Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-14"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/os.path.html#module-os.path"><code class="xref">os.path</code></a></td><td> <em>Operations on pathnames.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ossaudiodev.html#module-ossaudiodev"><code class="xref">ossaudiodev</code></a> <em>(Linux, FreeBSD)</em></td><td> <em>Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-p"><td></td><td> <strong>p</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/parser.html#module-parser"><code class="xref">parser</code></a></td><td> <em>Access parse trees for Python source code.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pathlib.html#module-pathlib"><code class="xref">pathlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Object-oriented filesystem paths</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pdb.html#module-pdb"><code class="xref">pdb</code></a></td><td> <em>The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pickle.html#module-pickle"><code class="xref">pickle</code></a></td><td> <em>Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pickletools.html#module-pickletools"><code class="xref">pickletools</code></a></td><td> <em>Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pipes.html#module-pipes"><code class="xref">pipes</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pkgutil.html#module-pkgutil"><code class="xref">pkgutil</code></a></td><td> <em>Utilities for the import system.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/platform.html#module-platform"><code class="xref">platform</code></a></td><td> <em>Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/plistlib.html#module-plistlib"><code class="xref">plistlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate and parse Mac OS X plist files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/poplib.html#module-poplib"><code class="xref">poplib</code></a></td><td> <em>POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/posix.html#module-posix"><code class="xref">posix</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pprint.html#module-pprint"><code class="xref">pprint</code></a></td><td> <em>Data pretty printer.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-profile"><code class="xref">profile</code></a></td><td> <em>Python source profiler.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/profile.html#module-pstats"><code class="xref">pstats</code></a></td><td> <em>Statistics object for use with the profiler.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pty.html#module-pty"><code class="xref">pty</code></a> <em>(Linux)</em></td><td> <em>Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pwd.html#module-pwd"><code class="xref">pwd</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The password database (getpwnam() and friends).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/py_compile.html#module-py_compile"><code class="xref">py_compile</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate byte-code files from Python source files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pyclbr.html#module-pyclbr"><code class="xref">pyclbr</code></a></td><td> <em>Supports information extraction for a Python class browser.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc"><code class="xref">pydoc</code></a></td><td> <em>Documentation generator and online help system.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-q"><td></td><td> <strong>q</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/queue.html#module-queue"><code class="xref">queue</code></a></td><td> <em>A synchronized queue class.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/quopri.html#module-quopri"><code class="xref">quopri</code></a></td><td> <em>Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-r"><td></td><td> <strong>r</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/random.html#module-random"><code class="xref">random</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/re.html#module-re"><code class="xref">re</code></a></td><td> <em>Regular expression operations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/readline.html#module-readline"><code class="xref">readline</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>GNU readline support for Python.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/reprlib.html#module-reprlib"><code class="xref">reprlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Alternate repr() implementation with size limits.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/resource.html#module-resource"><code class="xref">resource</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/rlcompleter.html#module-rlcompleter"><code class="xref">rlcompleter</code></a></td><td> <em>Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/runpy.html#module-runpy"><code class="xref">runpy</code></a></td><td> <em>Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-s"><td></td><td> <strong>s</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sched.html#module-sched"><code class="xref">sched</code></a></td><td> <em>General purpose event scheduler.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/secrets.html#module-secrets"><code class="xref">secrets</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/select.html#module-select"><code class="xref">select</code></a></td><td> <em>Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/selectors.html#module-selectors"><code class="xref">selectors</code></a></td><td> <em>High-level I/O multiplexing.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shelve.html#module-shelve"><code class="xref">shelve</code></a></td><td> <em>Python object persistence.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shlex.html#module-shlex"><code class="xref">shlex</code></a></td><td> <em>Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/shutil.html#module-shutil"><code class="xref">shutil</code></a></td><td> <em>High-level file operations, including copying.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/signal.html#module-signal"><code class="xref">signal</code></a></td><td> <em>Set handlers for asynchronous events.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/site.html#module-site"><code class="xref">site</code></a></td><td> <em>Module responsible for site-specific configuration.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/smtpd.html#module-smtpd"><code class="xref">smtpd</code></a></td><td> <em>A SMTP server implementation in Python.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/smtplib.html#module-smtplib"><code class="xref">smtplib</code></a></td><td> <em>SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sndhdr.html#module-sndhdr"><code class="xref">sndhdr</code></a></td><td> <em>Determine type of a sound file.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/socket.html#module-socket"><code class="xref">socket</code></a></td><td> <em>Low-level networking interface.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/socketserver.html#module-socketserver"><code class="xref">socketserver</code></a></td><td> <em>A framework for network servers.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/spwd.html#module-spwd"><code class="xref">spwd</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sqlite3.html#module-sqlite3"><code class="xref">sqlite3</code></a></td><td> <em>A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/ssl.html#module-ssl"><code class="xref">ssl</code></a></td><td> <em>TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/stat.html#module-stat"><code class="xref">stat</code></a></td><td> <em>Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/statistics.html#module-statistics"><code class="xref">statistics</code></a></td><td> <em>mathematical statistics functions</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/string.html#module-string"><code class="xref">string</code></a></td><td> <em>Common string operations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/stringprep.html#module-stringprep"><code class="xref">stringprep</code></a></td><td> <em>String preparation, as per RFC 3453</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/struct.html#module-struct"><code class="xref">struct</code></a></td><td> <em>Interpret bytes as packed binary data.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess"><code class="xref">subprocess</code></a></td><td> <em>Subprocess management.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sunau.html#module-sunau"><code class="xref">sunau</code></a></td><td> <em>Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/symbol.html#module-symbol"><code class="xref">symbol</code></a></td><td> <em>Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/symtable.html#module-symtable"><code class="xref">symtable</code></a></td><td> <em>Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sys.html#module-sys"><code class="xref">sys</code></a></td><td> <em>Access system-specific parameters and functions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/sysconfig.html#module-sysconfig"><code class="xref">sysconfig</code></a></td><td> <em>Python's configuration information</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/syslog.html#module-syslog"><code class="xref">syslog</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-t"><td></td><td> <strong>t</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tabnanny.html#module-tabnanny"><code class="xref">tabnanny</code></a></td><td> <em>Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tarfile.html#module-tarfile"><code class="xref">tarfile</code></a></td><td> <em>Read and write tar-format archive files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/telnetlib.html#module-telnetlib"><code class="xref">telnetlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Telnet client class.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tempfile.html#module-tempfile"><code class="xref">tempfile</code></a></td><td> <em>Generate temporary files and directories.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/termios.html#module-termios"><code class="xref">termios</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>POSIX style tty control.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-15" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/test.html#module-test"><code class="xref">test</code></a></td><td> <em>Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-15"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref">test.support</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for Python's regression test suite.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/textwrap.html#module-textwrap"><code class="xref">textwrap</code></a></td><td> <em>Text wrapping and filling</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/threading.html#module-threading"><code class="xref">threading</code></a></td><td> <em>Thread-based parallelism.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/time.html#module-time"><code class="xref">time</code></a></td><td> <em>Time access and conversions.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/timeit.html#module-timeit"><code class="xref">timeit</code></a></td><td> <em>Measure the execution time of small code snippets.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-16" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/tkinter.html#module-tkinter"><code class="xref">tkinter</code></a></td><td> <em>Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext.html#module-tkinter.scrolledtext"><code class="xref">tkinter.scrolledtext</code></a> <em>(Tk)</em></td><td> <em>Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.tix.html#module-tkinter.tix"><code class="xref">tkinter.tix</code></a></td><td> <em>Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-16"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/tkinter.ttk.html#module-tkinter.ttk"><code class="xref">tkinter.ttk</code></a></td><td> <em>Tk themed widget set</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/token.html#module-token"><code class="xref">token</code></a></td><td> <em>Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tokenize.html#module-tokenize"><code class="xref">tokenize</code></a></td><td> <em>Lexical scanner for Python source code.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/trace.html#module-trace"><code class="xref">trace</code></a></td><td> <em>Trace or track Python statement execution.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/traceback.html#module-traceback"><code class="xref">traceback</code></a></td><td> <em>Print or retrieve a stack traceback.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tracemalloc.html#module-tracemalloc"><code class="xref">tracemalloc</code></a></td><td> <em>Trace memory allocations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/tty.html#module-tty"><code class="xref">tty</code></a> <em>(Unix)</em></td><td> <em>Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/turtle.html#module-turtle"><code class="xref">turtle</code></a></td><td> <em>An educational framework for simple graphics applications</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/turtle.html#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref">turtledemo</code></a></td><td> <em>A viewer for example turtle scripts</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/types.html#module-types"><code class="xref">types</code></a></td><td> <em>Names for built-in types.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/typing.html#module-typing"><code class="xref">typing</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for type hints (see PEP 484).</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-u"><td></td><td> <strong>u</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/unicodedata.html#module-unicodedata"><code class="xref">unicodedata</code></a></td><td> <em>Access the Unicode Database.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-17" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/unittest.html#module-unittest"><code class="xref">unittest</code></a></td><td> <em>Unit testing framework for Python.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-17"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock"><code class="xref">unittest.mock</code></a></td><td> <em>Mock object library.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-18" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/urllib.html#module-urllib"><code class="xref">urllib</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.error.html#module-urllib.error"><code class="xref">urllib.error</code></a></td><td> <em>Exception classes raised by urllib.request.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.parse.html#module-urllib.parse"><code class="xref">urllib.parse</code></a></td><td> <em>Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request"><code class="xref">urllib.request</code></a></td><td> <em>Extensible library for opening URLs.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref">urllib.response</code></a></td><td> <em>Response classes used by urllib.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-18"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/urllib.robotparser.html#module-urllib.robotparser"><code class="xref">urllib.robotparser</code></a></td><td> <em>Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/uu.html#module-uu"><code class="xref">uu</code></a></td><td> <em>Encode and decode files in uuencode format.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/uuid.html#module-uuid"><code class="xref">uuid</code></a></td><td> <em>UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-v"><td></td><td> <strong>v</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/venv.html#module-venv"><code class="xref">venv</code></a></td><td> <em>Creation of virtual environments.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-w"><td></td><td> <strong>w</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/warnings.html#module-warnings"><code class="xref">warnings</code></a></td><td> <em>Issue warning messages and control their disposition.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/wave.html#module-wave"><code class="xref">wave</code></a></td><td> <em>Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/weakref.html#module-weakref"><code class="xref">weakref</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/webbrowser.html#module-webbrowser"><code class="xref">webbrowser</code></a></td><td> <em>Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/winreg.html#module-winreg"><code class="xref">winreg</code></a> <em>(Windows)</em></td><td> <em>Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/winsound.html#module-winsound"><code class="xref">winsound</code></a> <em>(Windows)</em></td><td> <em>Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-19" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref"><code class="xref">wsgiref</code></a></td><td> <em>WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref">wsgiref.handlers</code></a></td><td> <em>WSGI server/gateway base classes.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref">wsgiref.headers</code></a></td><td> <em>WSGI response header tools.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref">wsgiref.simple_server</code></a></td><td> <em>A simple WSGI HTTP server.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref">wsgiref.util</code></a></td><td> <em>WSGI environment utilities.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-19"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref">wsgiref.validate</code></a></td><td> <em>WSGI conformance checker.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-x"><td></td><td> <strong>x</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/xdrlib.html#module-xdrlib"><code class="xref">xdrlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-20" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <a href="library/xml.html#module-xml"><code class="xref">xml</code></a></td><td> <em>Package containing XML processing modules</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom"><code class="xref">xml.dom</code></a></td><td> <em>Document Object Model API for Python.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.minidom.html#module-xml.dom.minidom"><code class="xref">xml.dom.minidom</code></a></td><td> <em>Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.dom.pulldom.html#module-xml.dom.pulldom"><code class="xref">xml.dom.pulldom</code></a></td><td> <em>Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree"><code class="xref">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a></td><td> <em>Implementation of the ElementTree API.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat</code></a></td><td> <em>An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat.errors</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat.model"><code class="xref">xml.parsers.expat.model</code></a></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax"><code class="xref">xml.sax</code></a></td><td> <em>Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.handler.html#module-xml.sax.handler"><code class="xref">xml.sax.handler</code></a></td><td> <em>Base classes for SAX event handlers.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.utils.html#module-xml.sax.saxutils"><code class="xref">xml.sax.saxutils</code></a></td><td> <em>Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-20"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xml.sax.reader.html#module-xml.sax.xmlreader"><code class="xref">xml.sax.xmlreader</code></a></td><td> <em>Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td><img src="_static/minus.png" class="toggler" id="toggle-21" style="display: none" alt="-" /></td> <td> <code class="xref">xmlrpc</code></td><td> <em></em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-21"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xmlrpc.client.html#module-xmlrpc.client"><code class="xref">xmlrpc.client</code></a></td><td> <em>XML-RPC client access.</em></td></tr> <tr class="cg-21"> <td></td> <td>    <a href="library/xmlrpc.server.html#module-xmlrpc.server"><code class="xref">xmlrpc.server</code></a></td><td> <em>Basic XML-RPC server implementations.</em></td></tr> <tr class="pcap"><td></td><td> </td><td></td></tr> <tr class="cap" id="cap-z"><td></td><td> <strong>z</strong></td><td></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipapp.html#module-zipapp"><code class="xref">zipapp</code></a></td><td> <em>Manage executable python zip archives</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipfile.html#module-zipfile"><code class="xref">zipfile</code></a></td><td> <em>Read and write ZIP-format archive files.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zipimport.html#module-zipimport"><code class="xref">zipimport</code></a></td><td> <em>support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.</em></td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> <a href="library/zlib.html#module-zlib"><code class="xref">zlib</code></a></td><td> <em>Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.</em></td></tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" 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